Table of Content

1 Market Overview of Positive Inotropic Agents
1.1 Positive Inotropic Agents Market Overview
1.1.1 Positive Inotropic Agents Product Scope
1.1.2 Positive Inotropic Agents Market Status and Outlook
1.2 Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Overview by Region 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
1.3 Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Region (2024-2034)
1.4 Global Positive Inotropic Agents Historic Market Size by Region (2024-2024)
1.5 Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Forecast by Region (2024-2034)
1.6 Key Regions, Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034)
1.6.1 North America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034)
1.6.2 Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034)
1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034)
1.6.4 Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034)
1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034)
2 Positive Inotropic Agents Market by Type
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Oral
2.1.2 Parenteral
2.1.3 Others
2.2 Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Type: 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
2.2.1 Global Positive Inotropic Agents Historic Market Size by Type (2024-2024)
2.2.2 Global Positive Inotropic Agents Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2034)
2.3 Key Regions Market Size by Type
2.3.1 North America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Breakdown by Type (2024-2034)
2.3.2 Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Breakdown by Type (2024-2034)
2.3.3 Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Breakdown by Type (2024-2034)
2.3.4 Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Breakdown by Type (2024-2034)
2.3.5 Middle East and Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Breakdown by Type (2024-2034)
3 Positive Inotropic Agents Market Overview by Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Hospital
3.1.2 Clinic
3.1.3 Rehabilitation Center
3.2 Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Application: 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
3.2.1 Global Positive Inotropic Agents Historic Market Size by Application (2024-2024)
3.2.2 Global Positive Inotropic Agents Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2034)
3.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
3.3.1 North America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Breakdown by Application (2024-2034)
3.3.2 Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Breakdown by Application (2024-2034)
3.3.3 Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Breakdown by Application (2024-2034)
3.3.4 Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Breakdown by Application (2024-2034)
3.3.5 Middle East and Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Breakdown by Application (2024-2034)
4 Positive Inotropic Agents Competition Analysis by Players
4.1 Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Players (2024-2024)
4.2 Global Top Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Positive Inotropic Agents as of 2022)
4.3 Date of Key Players Enter into Positive Inotropic Agents Market
4.4 Global Top Players Positive Inotropic Agents Headquarters and Area Served
4.5 Key Players Positive Inotropic Agents Product Solution and Service
4.6 Competitive Status
4.6.1 Positive Inotropic Agents Market Concentration Rate
4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Company (Top Players) Profiles
5.1 Pfizer
5.1.1 Pfizer Profile
5.1.2 Pfizer Main Business
5.1.3 Pfizer Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
5.1.4 Pfizer Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.1.5 Pfizer Recent Developments
5.2 GSK
5.2.1 GSK Profile
5.2.2 GSK Main Business
5.2.3 GSK Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
5.2.4 GSK Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.2.5 GSK Recent Developments
5.3 Novartis
5.3.1 Novartis Profile
5.3.2 Novartis Main Business
5.3.3 Novartis Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
5.3.4 Novartis Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.3.5 Mylan Recent Developments
5.4 Mylan
5.4.1 Mylan Profile
5.4.2 Mylan Main Business
5.4.3 Mylan Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
5.4.4 Mylan Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.4.5 Mylan Recent Developments
5.5 Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
5.5.1 Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH Profile
5.5.2 Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH Main Business
5.5.3 Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
5.5.4 Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.5.5 Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH Recent Developments
5.6 AstraZeneca
5.6.1 AstraZeneca Profile
5.6.2 AstraZeneca Main Business
5.6.3 AstraZeneca Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
5.6.4 AstraZeneca Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.6.5 AstraZeneca Recent Developments
5.7 Johnson & Johnson
5.7.1 Johnson & Johnson Profile
5.7.2 Johnson & Johnson Main Business
5.7.3 Johnson & Johnson Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
5.7.4 Johnson & Johnson Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.7.5 Johnson & Johnson Recent Developments
5.8 Bayer AG
5.8.1 Bayer AG Profile
5.8.2 Bayer AG Main Business
5.8.3 Bayer AG Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
5.8.4 Bayer AG Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.8.5 Bayer AG Recent Developments
5.9 Merck
5.9.1 Merck Profile
5.9.2 Merck Main Business
5.9.3 Merck Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
5.9.4 Merck Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.9.5 Merck Recent Developments
5.10 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
5.10.1 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Profile
5.10.2 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Main Business
5.10.3 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
5.10.4 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.10.5 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Recent Developments
5.11 Cipla
5.11.1 Cipla Profile
5.11.2 Cipla Main Business
5.11.3 Cipla Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
5.11.4 Cipla Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.11.5 Cipla Recent Developments
6 North America
6.1 North America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2034)
6.2 United States
6.3 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2034)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 U.K.
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Nordic Countries
7.8 Rest of Europe
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Region (2024-2034)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 South Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australia
8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2034)
9.2 Mexico
9.3 Brazil
9.4 Rest of Latin America
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2034)
10.2 Turkey
10.3 Saudi Arabia
10.4 UAE
10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Positive Inotropic Agents Market Dynamics
11.1 Positive Inotropic Agents Industry Trends
11.2 Positive Inotropic Agents Market Drivers
11.3 Positive Inotropic Agents Market Challenges
11.4 Positive Inotropic Agents Market Restraints
12 Research Finding /Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Market Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (US$ Million) Comparison by Region 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 2. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Region (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Share by Region (2024-2024)
Table 4. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2034)
Table 6. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (US$ Million) by Type: 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 7. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2024)
Table 9. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Table 11. North America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. North America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Middle East and Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Middle East and Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (US$ Million) by Application: 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 22. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2024)
Table 24. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Table 26. North America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue (US$ Million) by Players (2024-2024)
Table 37. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Players (2024-2024)
Table 38. Global Top Players Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Positive Inotropic Agents as of 2022)
Table 39. Date of Key Players Enter into Positive Inotropic Agents Market
Table 40. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 41. Positive Inotropic Agents Product Solution and Service
Table 42. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 43. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 44. Pfizer Basic Information List
Table 45. Pfizer Description and Business Overview
Table 46. Pfizer Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
Table 47. Revenue (US$ Million) in Positive Inotropic Agents Business of Pfizer (2024-2024)
Table 48. Pfizer Recent Developments
Table 49. GSK Basic Information List
Table 50. GSK Description and Business Overview
Table 51. GSK Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
Table 52. Revenue (US$ Million) in Positive Inotropic Agents Business of GSK (2024-2024)
Table 53. GSK Recent Developments
Table 54. Novartis Basic Information List
Table 55. Novartis Description and Business Overview
Table 56. Novartis Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
Table 57. Revenue (US$ Million) in Positive Inotropic Agents Business of Novartis (2024-2024)
Table 58. Novartis Recent Developments
Table 59. Mylan Basic Information List
Table 60. Mylan Description and Business Overview
Table 61. Mylan Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
Table 62. Revenue (US$ Million) in Positive Inotropic Agents Business of Mylan (2024-2024)
Table 63. Mylan Recent Developments
Table 64. Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH Basic Information List
Table 65. Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
Table 67. Revenue (US$ Million) in Positive Inotropic Agents Business of Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH (2024-2024)
Table 68. Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH Recent Developments
Table 69. AstraZeneca Basic Information List
Table 70. AstraZeneca Description and Business Overview
Table 71. AstraZeneca Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
Table 72. Revenue (US$ Million) in Positive Inotropic Agents Business of AstraZeneca (2024-2024)
Table 73. AstraZeneca Recent Developments
Table 74. Johnson & Johnson Basic Information List
Table 75. Johnson & Johnson Description and Business Overview
Table 76. Johnson & Johnson Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
Table 77. Revenue (US$ Million) in Positive Inotropic Agents Business of Johnson & Johnson (2024-2024)
Table 78. Johnson & Johnson Recent Developments
Table 79. Bayer AG Basic Information List
Table 80. Bayer AG Description and Business Overview
Table 81. Bayer AG Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
Table 82. Revenue (US$ Million) in Positive Inotropic Agents Business of Bayer AG (2024-2024)
Table 83. Bayer AG Recent Developments
Table 84. Merck Basic Information List
Table 85. Merck Description and Business Overview
Table 86. Merck Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
Table 87. Revenue (US$ Million) in Positive Inotropic Agents Business of Merck (2024-2024)
Table 88. Merck Recent Developments
Table 89. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Basic Information List
Table 90. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Description and Business Overview
Table 91. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
Table 92. Revenue (US$ Million) in Positive Inotropic Agents Business of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (2024-2024)
Table 93. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Recent Developments
Table 94. Cipla Basic Information List
Table 95. Cipla Description and Business Overview
Table 96. Cipla Positive Inotropic Agents Products, Services and Solutions
Table 97. Revenue (US$ Million) in Positive Inotropic Agents Business of Cipla (2024-2024)
Table 98. Cipla Recent Developments
Table 99. North America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 100. North America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 101. Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 102. Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 103. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 104. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Region (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 105. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Region (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 106. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Market Share by Region (2024-2024)
Table 107. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Market Share by Region (2024-2034)
Table 108. Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 109. Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 110. Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 111. Middle East & Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 112. Middle East & Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 113. Middle East & Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 114. Positive Inotropic Agents Market Trends
Table 115. Positive Inotropic Agents Market Drivers
Table 116. Positive Inotropic Agents Market Challenges
Table 117. Positive Inotropic Agents Market Restraints
Table 118. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 119. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 120. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Year-over-Year 2024-2034 & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (US$ Million), 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Figure 3. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Share by Regions: 2022 VS 2034
Figure 4. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2034)
Figure 5. North America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Growth Rate (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Growth Rate (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Growth Rate (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Growth Rate (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Growth Rate (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Product Picture of Oral
Figure 11. Global Oral Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 12. Product Picture of Parenteral
Figure 13. Global Parenteral Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 14. Product Picture of Others
Figure 15. Global Others Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 16. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Share by Type: 2022 & 2034
Figure 17. North America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Figure 18. Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Figure 19. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Figure 20. Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Figure 21. Middle East and Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Figure 22. Hospital Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 23. Clinic Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 24. Rehabilitation Center Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 25. Global Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size Share by Application: 2022 & 2034
Figure 26. North America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Figure 27. Europe Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Figure 28. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Figure 29. Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Figure 30. Middle East and Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Figure 31. Positive Inotropic Agents Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2024 VS 2022
Figure 32. Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Positive Inotropic Agents Market Share in 2022
Figure 33. North America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Share by Country (2024-2034)
Figure 34. United States Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Canada Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Germany Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. France Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. U.K. Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Italy Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Russia Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Nordic Countries Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Asia-Pacific Positive Inotropic Agents Market Share by Region (2024-2034)
Figure 43. China Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Japan Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. South Korea Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Southeast Asia Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. India Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Australia Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Latin America Positive Inotropic Agents Market Share by Country (2024-2034)
Figure 50. Mexico Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Brazil Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Middle East & Africa Positive Inotropic Agents Market Share by Country (2024-2034)
Figure 53. Turkey Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. Saudi Arabia Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. UAE Positive Inotropic Agents Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report