Table of Content

1 Market Overview of Postnatal Vitamins
1.1 Postnatal Vitamins Market Overview
1.1.1 Postnatal Vitamins Product Scope
1.1.2 Postnatal Vitamins Market Status and Outlook
1.2 Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Overview by Region 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
1.3 Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Region (2024-2034)
1.4 Global Postnatal Vitamins Historic Market Size by Region (2024-2024)
1.5 Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Forecast by Region (2024-2034)
1.6 Key Regions, Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034)
1.6.1 North America Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034)
1.6.2 Europe Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034)
1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034)
1.6.4 Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034)
1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034)
2 Postnatal Vitamins Market by Type
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Vitamins A
2.1.2 Vitamins B1
2.1.3 Vitamins B2
2.1.4 Vitamins B6
2.1.5 Vitamins B12
2.1.6 Vitamins D
2.1.7 Others
2.2 Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Type: 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
2.2.1 Global Postnatal Vitamins Historic Market Size by Type (2024-2024)
2.2.2 Global Postnatal Vitamins Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2034)
2.3 Key Regions Market Size by Type
2.3.1 North America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Breakdown by Type (2024-2034)
2.3.2 Europe Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Breakdown by Type (2024-2034)
2.3.3 Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Breakdown by Type (2024-2034)
2.3.4 Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Breakdown by Type (2024-2034)
2.3.5 Middle East and Africa Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Breakdown by Type (2024-2034)
3 Postnatal Vitamins Market Overview by Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Online Sales
3.1.2 Offline Sales
3.2 Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Application: 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
3.2.1 Global Postnatal Vitamins Historic Market Size by Application (2024-2024)
3.2.2 Global Postnatal Vitamins Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2034)
3.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
3.3.1 North America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Breakdown by Application (2024-2034)
3.3.2 Europe Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Breakdown by Application (2024-2034)
3.3.3 Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Breakdown by Application (2024-2034)
3.3.4 Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Breakdown by Application (2024-2034)
3.3.5 Middle East and Africa Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Breakdown by Application (2024-2034)
4 Postnatal Vitamins Competition Analysis by Players
4.1 Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Players (2024-2024)
4.2 Global Top Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Postnatal Vitamins as of 2022)
4.3 Date of Key Players Enter into Postnatal Vitamins Market
4.4 Global Top Players Postnatal Vitamins Headquarters and Area Served
4.5 Key Players Postnatal Vitamins Product Solution and Service
4.6 Competitive Status
4.6.1 Postnatal Vitamins Market Concentration Rate
4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Company (Top Players) Profiles
5.1 New Chapter
5.1.1 New Chapter Profile
5.1.2 New Chapter Main Business
5.1.3 New Chapter Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
5.1.4 New Chapter Postnatal Vitamins Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.1.5 New Chapter Recent Developments
5.2 Mama's Select
5.2.1 Mama's Select Profile
5.2.2 Mama's Select Main Business
5.2.3 Mama's Select Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
5.2.4 Mama's Select Postnatal Vitamins Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.2.5 Mama's Select Recent Developments
5.3 ACTIF USA
5.3.1 ACTIF USA Profile
5.3.2 ACTIF USA Main Business
5.3.3 ACTIF USA Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
5.3.4 ACTIF USA Postnatal Vitamins Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.3.5 Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.) Recent Developments
5.4 Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.)
5.4.1 Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.) Profile
5.4.2 Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.) Main Business
5.4.3 Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.) Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
5.4.4 Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.) Postnatal Vitamins Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.4.5 Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.) Recent Developments
5.5 Anya
5.5.1 Anya Profile
5.5.2 Anya Main Business
5.5.3 Anya Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
5.5.4 Anya Postnatal Vitamins Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.5.5 Anya Recent Developments
5.6 DSM
5.6.1 DSM Profile
5.6.2 DSM Main Business
5.6.3 DSM Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
5.6.4 DSM Postnatal Vitamins Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.6.5 DSM Recent Developments
5.7 Pink Stork
5.7.1 Pink Stork Profile
5.7.2 Pink Stork Main Business
5.7.3 Pink Stork Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
5.7.4 Pink Stork Postnatal Vitamins Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.7.5 Pink Stork Recent Developments
5.8 Mommy’s Bliss Inc.
5.8.1 Mommy’s Bliss Inc. Profile
5.8.2 Mommy’s Bliss Inc. Main Business
5.8.3 Mommy’s Bliss Inc. Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
5.8.4 Mommy’s Bliss Inc. Postnatal Vitamins Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.8.5 Mommy’s Bliss Inc. Recent Developments
5.9 Church & Dwight Co.
5.9.1 Church & Dwight Co. Profile
5.9.2 Church & Dwight Co. Main Business
5.9.3 Church & Dwight Co. Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
5.9.4 Church & Dwight Co. Postnatal Vitamins Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.9.5 Church & Dwight Co. Recent Developments
5.10 Nordic Naturals
5.10.1 Nordic Naturals Profile
5.10.2 Nordic Naturals Main Business
5.10.3 Nordic Naturals Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
5.10.4 Nordic Naturals Postnatal Vitamins Revenue (US$ Million) & (2024-2024)
5.10.5 Nordic Naturals Recent Developments
6 North America
6.1 North America Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2034)
6.2 United States
6.3 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2034)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 U.K.
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Nordic Countries
7.8 Rest of Europe
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Region (2024-2034)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 South Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australia
8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2034)
9.2 Mexico
9.3 Brazil
9.4 Rest of Latin America
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2034)
10.2 Turkey
10.3 Saudi Arabia
10.4 UAE
10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Postnatal Vitamins Market Dynamics
11.1 Postnatal Vitamins Industry Trends
11.2 Postnatal Vitamins Market Drivers
11.3 Postnatal Vitamins Market Challenges
11.4 Postnatal Vitamins Market Restraints
12 Research Finding /Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Market Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (US$ Million) Comparison by Region 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 2. Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Region (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Share by Region (2024-2024)
Table 4. Global Postnatal Vitamins Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Postnatal Vitamins Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2034)
Table 6. Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (US$ Million) by Type: 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 7. Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2024)
Table 9. Global Postnatal Vitamins Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Table 11. North America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. North America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Europe Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Europe Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Middle East and Africa Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Type (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Middle East and Africa Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (US$ Million) by Application: 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 22. Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2024)
Table 24. Global Postnatal Vitamins Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Table 26. North America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Europe Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Europe Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Application (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Postnatal Vitamins Revenue by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Postnatal Vitamins Revenue (US$ Million) by Players (2024-2024)
Table 37. Global Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Players (2024-2024)
Table 38. Global Top Players Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Postnatal Vitamins as of 2022)
Table 39. Date of Key Players Enter into Postnatal Vitamins Market
Table 40. Global Postnatal Vitamins Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 41. Postnatal Vitamins Product Solution and Service
Table 42. Global Postnatal Vitamins Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 43. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 44. New Chapter Basic Information List
Table 45. New Chapter Description and Business Overview
Table 46. New Chapter Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
Table 47. Revenue (US$ Million) in Postnatal Vitamins Business of New Chapter (2024-2024)
Table 48. New Chapter Recent Developments
Table 49. Mama's Select Basic Information List
Table 50. Mama's Select Description and Business Overview
Table 51. Mama's Select Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
Table 52. Revenue (US$ Million) in Postnatal Vitamins Business of Mama's Select (2024-2024)
Table 53. Mama's Select Recent Developments
Table 54. ACTIF USA Basic Information List
Table 55. ACTIF USA Description and Business Overview
Table 56. ACTIF USA Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
Table 57. Revenue (US$ Million) in Postnatal Vitamins Business of ACTIF USA (2024-2024)
Table 58. ACTIF USA Recent Developments
Table 59. Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.) Basic Information List
Table 60. Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.) Description and Business Overview
Table 61. Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.) Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
Table 62. Revenue (US$ Million) in Postnatal Vitamins Business of Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.) (2024-2024)
Table 63. Nutrafol (Nutraceuticals Wellness Inc.) Recent Developments
Table 64. Anya Basic Information List
Table 65. Anya Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Anya Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
Table 67. Revenue (US$ Million) in Postnatal Vitamins Business of Anya (2024-2024)
Table 68. Anya Recent Developments
Table 69. DSM Basic Information List
Table 70. DSM Description and Business Overview
Table 71. DSM Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
Table 72. Revenue (US$ Million) in Postnatal Vitamins Business of DSM (2024-2024)
Table 73. DSM Recent Developments
Table 74. Pink Stork Basic Information List
Table 75. Pink Stork Description and Business Overview
Table 76. Pink Stork Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
Table 77. Revenue (US$ Million) in Postnatal Vitamins Business of Pink Stork (2024-2024)
Table 78. Pink Stork Recent Developments
Table 79. Mommy’s Bliss Inc. Basic Information List
Table 80. Mommy’s Bliss Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table 81. Mommy’s Bliss Inc. Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
Table 82. Revenue (US$ Million) in Postnatal Vitamins Business of Mommy’s Bliss Inc. (2024-2024)
Table 83. Mommy’s Bliss Inc. Recent Developments
Table 84. Church & Dwight Co. Basic Information List
Table 85. Church & Dwight Co. Description and Business Overview
Table 86. Church & Dwight Co. Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
Table 87. Revenue (US$ Million) in Postnatal Vitamins Business of Church & Dwight Co. (2024-2024)
Table 88. Church & Dwight Co. Recent Developments
Table 89. Nordic Naturals Basic Information List
Table 90. Nordic Naturals Description and Business Overview
Table 91. Nordic Naturals Postnatal Vitamins Products, Services and Solutions
Table 92. Revenue (US$ Million) in Postnatal Vitamins Business of Nordic Naturals (2024-2024)
Table 93. Nordic Naturals Recent Developments
Table 94. North America Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 95. North America Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 96. Europe Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 97. Europe Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 98. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 99. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Region (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 100. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Region (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 101. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Market Share by Region (2024-2024)
Table 102. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Market Share by Region (2024-2034)
Table 103. Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 104. Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 105. Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 106. Middle East & Africa Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Table 107. Middle East & Africa Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 108. Middle East & Africa Postnatal Vitamins Market Size by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 109. Postnatal Vitamins Market Trends
Table 110. Postnatal Vitamins Market Drivers
Table 111. Postnatal Vitamins Market Challenges
Table 112. Postnatal Vitamins Market Restraints
Table 113. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 114. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 115. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Year-over-Year 2024-2034 & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (US$ Million), 2024 VS 2022 VS 2034
Figure 3. Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Share by Regions: 2022 VS 2034
Figure 4. Global Postnatal Vitamins Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2034)
Figure 5. North America Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Growth Rate (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Europe Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Growth Rate (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Growth Rate (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Growth Rate (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Growth Rate (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Product Picture of Vitamins A
Figure 11. Global Vitamins A Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 12. Product Picture of Vitamins B1
Figure 13. Global Vitamins B1 Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 14. Product Picture of Vitamins B2
Figure 15. Global Vitamins B2 Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 16. Product Picture of Vitamins B6
Figure 17. Global Vitamins B6 Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 18. Product Picture of Vitamins B12
Figure 19. Global Vitamins B12 Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 20. Product Picture of Vitamins D
Figure 21. Global Vitamins D Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 22. Product Picture of Others
Figure 23. Global Others Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 24. Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Share by Type: 2022 & 2034
Figure 25. North America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Figure 26. Europe Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Figure 27. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Figure 28. Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Figure 29. Middle East and Africa Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Figure 30. Online Sales Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 31. Offline Sales Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2024-2034)
Figure 32. Global Postnatal Vitamins Market Size Share by Application: 2022 & 2034
Figure 33. North America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Figure 34. Europe Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Figure 35. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Figure 36. Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Figure 37. Middle East and Africa Postnatal Vitamins Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Figure 38. Postnatal Vitamins Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2024 VS 2022
Figure 39. Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Postnatal Vitamins Market Share in 2022
Figure 40. North America Postnatal Vitamins Market Share by Country (2024-2034)
Figure 41. United States Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Canada Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Germany Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. France Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. U.K. Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Italy Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Russia Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Nordic Countries Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Asia-Pacific Postnatal Vitamins Market Share by Region (2024-2034)
Figure 50. China Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Japan Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. South Korea Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Southeast Asia Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. India Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. Australia Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. Latin America Postnatal Vitamins Market Share by Country (2024-2034)
Figure 57. Mexico Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. Brazil Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Middle East & Africa Postnatal Vitamins Market Share by Country (2024-2034)
Figure 60. Turkey Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Saudi Arabia Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 62. UAE Postnatal Vitamins Market Size (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 63. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report