Table of Content

1 Avian Antisera Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Avian Antisera
1.2 Avian Antisera Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Avian Antisera Market Value Comparison by Type (2024-2034)
1.2.2 Liquid State
1.2.3 Lyophilized State
1.3 Avian Antisera Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Avian Antisera Market Value by Application: (2024-2034)
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical and Biological Companies
1.3.3 Animal Hospital
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Avian Antisera Market Size Estimates and Forecasts
1.4.1 Global Avian Antisera Revenue 2018-2034
1.4.2 Global Avian Antisera Sales 2018-2034
1.4.3 Global Avian Antisera Market Average Price (2018-2034)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Avian Antisera Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
2.2 Global Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
2.3 Global Avian Antisera Average Price by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
2.4 Global Avian Antisera Industry Ranking 2021 VS 2024 VS 2023
2.5 Global Key Manufacturers of Avian Antisera, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Avian Antisera, Product Type & Application
2.7 Avian Antisera Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.7.1 Avian Antisera Market Concentration Rate
2.7.2 The Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Avian Antisera Players Market Share by Revenue
2.7.3 Global Avian Antisera Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.8 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
3 Avian Antisera Retrospective Market Scenario by Region
3.1 Global Avian Antisera Market Size by Region: 2018 Versus 2024 Versus 2034
3.2 Global Avian Antisera Global Avian Antisera Sales by Region: 2018-2034
3.2.1 Global Avian Antisera Sales by Region: 2018-2023
3.2.2 Global Avian Antisera Sales by Region: 2024-2034
3.3 Global Avian Antisera Global Avian Antisera Revenue by Region: 2018-2034
3.3.1 Global Avian Antisera Revenue by Region: 2018-2023
3.3.2 Global Avian Antisera Revenue by Region: 2024-2034
3.4 North America Avian Antisera Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.4.1 North America Avian Antisera Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034
3.4.2 North America Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2018-2034)
3.4.3 North America Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2018-2034)
3.4.4 United States
3.4.5 Canada
3.5 Europe Avian Antisera Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.5.1 Europe Avian Antisera Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034
3.5.2 Europe Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2018-2034)
3.5.3 Europe Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2018-2034)
3.5.4 Germany
3.5.5 France
3.5.6 U.K.
3.5.7 Italy
3.5.8 Russia
3.6 Asia Pacific Avian Antisera Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.6.1 Asia Pacific Avian Antisera Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034
3.6.2 Asia Pacific Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2018-2034)
3.6.3 Asia Pacific Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2018-2034)
3.6.4 China
3.6.5 Japan
3.6.6 South Korea
3.6.7 India
3.6.8 Australia
3.6.9 China Taiwan
3.6.10 Indonesia
3.6.11 Thailand
3.6.12 Malaysia
3.7 Latin America Avian Antisera Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.7.1 Latin America Avian Antisera Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034
3.7.2 Latin America Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2018-2034)
3.7.3 Latin America Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2018-2034)
3.7.4 Mexico
3.7.5 Brazil
3.7.6 Argentina
3.8 Middle East and Africa Avian Antisera Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.8.1 Middle East and Africa Avian Antisera Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034
3.8.2 Middle East and Africa Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2018-2034)
3.8.3 Middle East and Africa Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2018-2034)
3.8.4 Turkey
3.8.5 Saudi Arabia
3.8.6 UAE
4 Segment by Type
4.1 Global Avian Antisera Sales by Type (2018-2034)
4.1.1 Global Avian Antisera Sales by Type (2018-2023)
4.1.2 Global Avian Antisera Sales by Type (2024-2034)
4.1.3 Global Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Type (2018-2034)
4.2 Global Avian Antisera Revenue by Type (2018-2034)
4.2.1 Global Avian Antisera Revenue by Type (2018-2023)
4.2.2 Global Avian Antisera Revenue by Type (2024-2034)
4.2.3 Global Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2034)
4.3 Global Avian Antisera Price by Type (2018-2034)
5 Segment by Application
5.1 Global Avian Antisera Sales by Application (2018-2034)
5.1.1 Global Avian Antisera Sales by Application (2018-2023)
5.1.2 Global Avian Antisera Sales by Application (2024-2034)
5.1.3 Global Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Application (2018-2034)
5.2 Global Avian Antisera Revenue by Application (2018-2034)
5.2.1 Global Avian Antisera Revenue by Application (2018-2023)
5.2.2 Global Avian Antisera Revenue by Application (2024-2034)
5.2.3 Global Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2034)
5.3 Global Avian Antisera Price by Application (2018-2034)
6 Key Companies Profiled
6.1 Charles River
6.1.1 Charles River Corporation Information
6.1.2 Charles River Description and Business Overview
6.1.3 Charles River Avian Antisera Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.1.4 Charles River Avian Antisera Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Charles River Recent Developments/Updates
6.2 GD Animal Health
6.2.1 GD Animal Health Corporation Information
6.2.2 GD Animal Health Description and Business Overview
6.2.3 GD Animal Health Avian Antisera Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.2.4 GD Animal Health Avian Antisera Product Portfolio
6.2.5 GD Animal Health Recent Developments/Updates
6.3 Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc
6.3.1 Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc Corporation Information
6.3.2 Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc Description and Business Overview
6.3.3 Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc Avian Antisera Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.3.4 Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc Avian Antisera Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc Recent Developments/Updates
6.4 Abcam plc
6.4.1 Abcam plc Corporation Information
6.4.2 Abcam plc Description and Business Overview
6.4.3 Abcam plc Avian Antisera Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.4.4 Abcam plc Avian Antisera Product Portfolio
6.4.5 Abcam plc Recent Developments/Updates
6.5 Merck KGaA
6.5.1 Merck KGaA Corporation Information
6.5.2 Merck KGaA Description and Business Overview
6.5.3 Merck KGaA Avian Antisera Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.5.4 Merck KGaA Avian Antisera Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Merck KGaA Recent Developments/Updates
6.6 Thermo Fisher Scientific
6.6.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation Information
6.6.2 Thermo Fisher Scientific Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific Avian Antisera Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.6.4 Thermo Fisher Scientific Avian Antisera Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Thermo Fisher Scientific Recent Developments/Updates
6.7 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc
6.6.1 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Corporation Information
6.6.2 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Avian Antisera Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.4.4 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Avian Antisera Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Recent Developments/Updates
7 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
7.1 Avian Antisera Industry Chain Analysis
7.2 Avian Antisera Key Raw Materials
7.2.1 Key Raw Materials
7.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
7.3 Avian Antisera Production Mode & Process
7.4 Avian Antisera Sales and Marketing
7.4.1 Avian Antisera Sales Channels
7.4.2 Avian Antisera Distributors
7.5 Avian Antisera Customers
8 Avian Antisera Market Dynamics
8.1 Avian Antisera Industry Trends
8.2 Avian Antisera Market Drivers
8.3 Avian Antisera Market Challenges
8.4 Avian Antisera Market Restraints
9 Research Finding and Conclusion
10 Methodology and Data Source
10.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.1 Research Programs/Design
10.1.2 Market Size Estimation
10.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
10.2 Data Source
10.2.1 Secondary Sources
10.2.2 Primary Sources
10.3 Author List
10.4 Disclaimer

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Avian Antisera Market Value Comparison by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Avian Antisera Market Value Comparison by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Avian Antisera Market Competitive Situation by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Avian Antisera Sales (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2018-2023)
Table 5. Global Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
Table 6. Global Avian Antisera Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
Table 7. Global Avian Antisera Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
Table 8. Global Market Avian Antisera Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2018-2023)
Table 9. Global Key Players of Avian Antisera, Industry Ranking, 2021 VS 2024 VS 2023
Table 10. Global Key Manufacturers of Avian Antisera, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Avian Antisera, Product Type & Application
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Avian Antisera, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 13. Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Global Avian Antisera by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Avian Antisera as of 2024)
Table 15. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Avian Antisera Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034
Table 17. Global Avian Antisera Sales by Region (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 18. Global Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 19. Global Avian Antisera Sales by Region (2024-2034) & (K Units)
Table 20. Global Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Region (2024-2034)
Table 21. Global Avian Antisera Revenue by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 22. Global Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 23. Global Avian Antisera Revenue by Region (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 24. Global Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Region (2024-2034)
Table 25. North America Avian Antisera Revenue by Country: 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034 (US$ Million)
Table 26. North America Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 27. North America Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2024-2034) & (K Units)
Table 28. North America Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. North America Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Europe Avian Antisera Revenue by Country: 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034 (US$ Million)
Table 31. Europe Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 32. Europe Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2024-2034) & (K Units)
Table 33. Europe Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Europe Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Asia Pacific Avian Antisera Revenue by Region: 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034 (US$ Million)
Table 36. Asia Pacific Avian Antisera Sales by Region (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 37. Asia Pacific Avian Antisera Sales by Region (2024-2034) & (K Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Avian Antisera Revenue by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Avian Antisera Revenue by Region (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Latin America Avian Antisera Revenue by Country: 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034 (US$ Million)
Table 41. Latin America Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2024-2034) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Latin America Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Middle East & Africa Avian Antisera Revenue by Country: 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Middle East & Africa Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 47. Middle East & Africa Avian Antisera Sales by Country (2024-2034) & (K Units)
Table 48. Middle East & Africa Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 49. Middle East & Africa Avian Antisera Revenue by Country (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Table 50. Global Avian Antisera Sales (K Units) by Type (2018-2023)
Table 51. Global Avian Antisera Sales (K Units) by Type (2024-2034)
Table 52. Global Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 53. Global Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Table 54. Global Avian Antisera Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2018-2023)
Table 55. Global Avian Antisera Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2024-2034)
Table 56. Global Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 57. Global Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2034)
Table 58. Global Avian Antisera Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2018-2023)
Table 59. Global Avian Antisera Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2024-2034)
Table 60. Global Avian Antisera Sales (K Units) by Application (2018-2023)
Table 61. Global Avian Antisera Sales (K Units) by Application (2024-2034)
Table 62. Global Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 63. Global Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Table 64. Global Avian Antisera Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2018-2023)
Table 65. Global Avian Antisera Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2024-2034)
Table 66. Global Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 67. Global Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2034)
Table 68. Global Avian Antisera Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2018-2023)
Table 69. Global Avian Antisera Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2024-2034)
Table 70. Charles River Corporation Information
Table 71. Charles River Description and Business Overview
Table 72. Charles River Avian Antisera Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 73. Charles River Avian Antisera Product
Table 74. Charles River Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. GD Animal Health Corporation Information
Table 76. GD Animal Health Description and Business Overview
Table 77. GD Animal Health Avian Antisera Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 78. GD Animal Health Avian Antisera Product
Table 79. GD Animal Health Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc Corporation Information
Table 81. Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc Description and Business Overview
Table 82. Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc Avian Antisera Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 83. Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc Avian Antisera Product
Table 84. Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Abcam plc Corporation Information
Table 86. Abcam plc Description and Business Overview
Table 87. Abcam plc Avian Antisera Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 88. Abcam plc Avian Antisera Product
Table 89. Abcam plc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Merck KGaA Corporation Information
Table 91. Merck KGaA Description and Business Overview
Table 92. Merck KGaA Avian Antisera Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 93. Merck KGaA Avian Antisera Product
Table 94. Merck KGaA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation Information
Table 96. Thermo Fisher Scientific Description and Business Overview
Table 97. Thermo Fisher Scientific Avian Antisera Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 98. Thermo Fisher Scientific Avian Antisera Product
Table 99. Thermo Fisher Scientific Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Corporation Information
Table 101. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Description and Business Overview
Table 102. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Avian Antisera Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 103. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Avian Antisera Product
Table 104. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 106. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 107. Avian Antisera Distributors List
Table 108. Avian Antisera Customers List
Table 109. Avian Antisera Market Trends
Table 110. Avian Antisera Market Drivers
Table 111. Avian Antisera Market Challenges
Table 112. Avian Antisera Market Restraints
Table 113. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 114. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 115. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Avian Antisera
Figure 2. Global Avian Antisera Market Value Comparison by Type (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Global Avian Antisera Market Share by Type in 2024 & 2034
Figure 4. Liquid State Product Picture
Figure 5. Lyophilized State Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Avian Antisera Market Value Comparison by Application (2024-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Global Avian Antisera Market Share by Application in 2024 & 2034
Figure 8. Pharmaceutical and Biological Companies
Figure 9. Animal Hospital
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. Global Avian Antisera Revenue, (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034
Figure 12. Global Avian Antisera Market Size (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global Avian Antisera Sales (2018-2034) & (K Units)
Figure 14. Global Avian Antisera Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2018-2034)
Figure 15. Avian Antisera Report Years Considered
Figure 16. Avian Antisera Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 17. Global Avian Antisera Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 18. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Avian Antisera Players: Market Share by Revenue in 2024
Figure 19. Avian Antisera Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2024
Figure 20. Global Avian Antisera Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2024 VS 2034
Figure 21. North America Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2034)
Figure 22. North America Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2034)
Figure 23. United States Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Canada Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Europe Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2034)
Figure 26. Europe Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2034)
Figure 27. Germany Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. France Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. U.K. Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Italy Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Russia Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Asia Pacific Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Region (2018-2034)
Figure 33. Asia Pacific Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Region (2018-2034)
Figure 34. China Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Japan Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. South Korea Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. India Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Australia Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. China Taiwan Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Indonesia Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Thailand Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Malaysia Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Latin America Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2034)
Figure 44. Latin America Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2034)
Figure 45. Mexico Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Brazil Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Argentina Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Middle East & Africa Avian Antisera Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2034)
Figure 49. Middle East & Africa Avian Antisera Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2034)
Figure 50. Turkey Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Saudi Arabia Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. UAE Avian Antisera Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2034) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Global Sales Market Share of Avian Antisera by Type (2018-2034)
Figure 54. Global Revenue Market Share of Avian Antisera by Type (2018-2034)
Figure 55. Global Avian Antisera Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2018-2034)
Figure 56. Global Sales Market Share of Avian Antisera by Application (2018-2034)
Figure 57. Global Revenue Market Share of Avian Antisera by Application (2018-2034)
Figure 58. Global Avian Antisera Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2018-2034)
Figure 59. Avian Antisera Value Chain
Figure 60. Avian Antisera Production Process
Figure 61. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 62. Distributors Profiles
Figure 63. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 64. Data Triangulation
Figure 65. Key Executives Interviewed