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Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application


Published on: 2024-01-04 | No of Pages : 400 | Industry : Pharma & Healthcare

Publisher : MRA | Format : PDF

Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application

The drugs give through oral.
Oral Peptide Drug report published by Mr Accuracy reports reveals that COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War impacted the market dually in 2022. Global Oral Peptide Drug market is projected to reach US$ 7980.1 million in 2029, increasing from US$ 2000 million in 2022, with the CAGR of 15.0% during the period of 2024 to 2029. Demand from Hospital and Retail Pharmacy are the major drivers for the industry.
The Peptide Drug market is driven by the increasing recognition of peptides as a versatile and promising class of therapeutics. Peptides offer the potential to target specific biological pathways and cellular functions with high specificity, making them valuable candidates for treating a wide range of diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular conditions. The growing understanding of peptide structure-activity relationships, coupled with advancements in peptide synthesis and modification techniques, contribute to the development of more stable and bioavailable peptide drugs, fostering market growth. Moreover, the rise in personalized medicine approaches and the need for more targeted therapies align with the development of peptide-based treatments that can be tailored to individual patient profiles. However, the market also faces challenges, including optimizing peptide delivery systems, enhancing bioavailability, and addressing potential immunogenicity and stability issues. Additionally, the complexity of peptide synthesis, the need for stringent regulatory approvals, and the competition from other therapeutic modalities pose obstacles for manufacturers and researchers. To succeed, stakeholders must focus on innovative peptide design, efficient synthesis methods, and comprehensive pre-clinical and clinical studies to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of peptide drugs. Addressing challenges while harnessing the therapeutic potential of peptides will be essential for driving the growth and adoption of peptide-based treatments in various medical applications.
Report Scope
This report, based on historical analysis (2018-2022) and forecast calculation (2024-2034), aims to help readers to get a comprehensive understanding of global Oral Peptide Drug market with multiple angles, which provides sufficient supports to readers’ strategy and decision making.
Companies, Type, Application and Regions Listed in the Report



By Company


Allergan
Novo Nordisk
Synergy Pharmaceuticals (Salix)
Novartis
Chiasma
Segment by Type
Linaclotide
Insulin
Plecanatide
Cyclosporine
Octreotide

Segment by Application


Hospital
Retail Pharmacy
By Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries

Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia

Latin America
Mexico
Brazil

Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Each chapter of the report provides detailed information for readers to understand the Oral Peptide Drug market further
Chapter 1Global and regional market size and CAGR for the history and forecast period (2018-2024, 2024-2029).
Chapter 2Product Types and Revenue analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2024.
Chapter 3Product Application and Revenue analysis of Each Application in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2024.
Chapter 4Company Competition Status, Detailed analysis of Product Name companies’ competitive landscape, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 5Companies’ Outline, covering company’s basic information, Oral Peptide Drug introduction, etc. Oral Peptide Drug Revenue and Gross Margin of each company as well as Recent Development are also contained in this part.
Chapter 6 to 10Country Level analysis of North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa by revenue.
Chapter 11Market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by companies in the industry.
Chapter 12Mr Accuracy reports’s Conclusions of Oral Peptide Drug market based on comprehensive survey.
Chapter 13Methodology and Data Sources adopted by Mr Accuracy reports.

Table of Content

1 Market Overview of Oral Peptide Drug
1.1 Oral Peptide Drug Market Overview
1.1.1 Oral Peptide Drug Product Scope
1.1.2 Oral Peptide Drug Market Status and Outlook
1.2 Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Overview by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
1.3 Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Region (2018-2029)
1.4 Global Oral Peptide Drug Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2024)
1.5 Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Forecast by Region (2024-2029)
1.6 Key Regions, Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.1 North America Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.2 Europe Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.4 Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029)
2 Oral Peptide Drug Market by Type
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Linaclotide
2.1.2 Insulin
2.1.3 Plecanatide
2.1.4 Cyclosporine
2.1.5 Octreotide
2.2 Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
2.2.1 Global Oral Peptide Drug Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2024)
2.2.2 Global Oral Peptide Drug Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)
2.3 Key Regions Market Size by Type
2.3.1 North America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.2 Europe Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.3 Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.4 Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.5 Middle East and Africa Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
3 Oral Peptide Drug Market Overview by Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Hospital
3.1.2 Retail Pharmacy
3.2 Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
3.2.1 Global Oral Peptide Drug Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2024)
3.2.2 Global Oral Peptide Drug Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)
3.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
3.3.1 North America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.2 Europe Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.3 Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.4 Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.5 Middle East and Africa Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
4 Oral Peptide Drug Competition Analysis by Players
4.1 Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Players (2018-2024)
4.2 Global Top Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Oral Peptide Drug as of 2022)
4.3 Date of Key Players Enter into Oral Peptide Drug Market
4.4 Global Top Players Oral Peptide Drug Headquarters and Area Served
4.5 Key Players Oral Peptide Drug Product Solution and Service
4.6 Competitive Status
4.6.1 Oral Peptide Drug Market Concentration Rate
4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Company (Top Players) Profiles
5.1 Allergan
5.1.1 Allergan Profile
5.1.2 Allergan Main Business
5.1.3 Allergan Oral Peptide Drug Products, Services and Solutions
5.1.4 Allergan Oral Peptide Drug Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.1.5 Allergan Recent Developments
5.2 Novo Nordisk
5.2.1 Novo Nordisk Profile
5.2.2 Novo Nordisk Main Business
5.2.3 Novo Nordisk Oral Peptide Drug Products, Services and Solutions
5.2.4 Novo Nordisk Oral Peptide Drug Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.2.5 Novo Nordisk Recent Developments
5.3 Synergy Pharmaceuticals (Salix)
5.3.1 Synergy Pharmaceuticals (Salix) Profile
5.3.2 Synergy Pharmaceuticals (Salix) Main Business
5.3.3 Synergy Pharmaceuticals (Salix) Oral Peptide Drug Products, Services and Solutions
5.3.4 Synergy Pharmaceuticals (Salix) Oral Peptide Drug Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.3.5 Novartis Recent Developments
5.4 Novartis
5.4.1 Novartis Profile
5.4.2 Novartis Main Business
5.4.3 Novartis Oral Peptide Drug Products, Services and Solutions
5.4.4 Novartis Oral Peptide Drug Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.4.5 Novartis Recent Developments
5.5 Chiasma
5.5.1 Chiasma Profile
5.5.2 Chiasma Main Business
5.5.3 Chiasma Oral Peptide Drug Products, Services and Solutions
5.5.4 Chiasma Oral Peptide Drug Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.5.5 Chiasma Recent Developments
6 North America
6.1 North America Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
6.2 U.S.
6.3 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 U.K.
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Nordic Countries
7.8 Rest of Europe
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Region (2018-2029)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 South Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australia
8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
9.2 Mexico
9.3 Brazil
9.4 Rest of Latin America
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
10.2 Turkey
10.3 Saudi Arabia
10.4 UAE
10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Oral Peptide Drug Market Dynamics
11.1 Oral Peptide Drug Industry Trends
11.2 Oral Peptide Drug Market Drivers
11.3 Oral Peptide Drug Market Challenges
11.4 Oral Peptide Drug Market Restraints
12 Research Finding /Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Market Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (US$ Million) Comparison by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 2. Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Region (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Share by Region (2018-2024)
Table 4. Global Oral Peptide Drug Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Oral Peptide Drug Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2029)
Table 6. Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (US$ Million) by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 7. Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2024)
Table 9. Global Oral Peptide Drug Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2029)
Table 11. North America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. North America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Europe Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Europe Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Middle East and Africa Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Middle East and Africa Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (US$ Million) by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2024)
Table 24. Global Oral Peptide Drug Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2029)
Table 26. North America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Europe Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Europe Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Oral Peptide Drug Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Oral Peptide Drug Revenue (US$ Million) by Players (2018-2024)
Table 37. Global Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2024)
Table 38. Global Top Players Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Oral Peptide Drug as of 2022)
Table 39. Date of Key Players Enter into Oral Peptide Drug Market
Table 40. Global Oral Peptide Drug Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 41. Oral Peptide Drug Product Solution and Service
Table 42. Global Oral Peptide Drug Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 43. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 44. Allergan Basic Information List
Table 45. Allergan Description and Business Overview
Table 46. Allergan Oral Peptide Drug Products, Services and Solutions
Table 47. Revenue (US$ Million) in Oral Peptide Drug Business of Allergan (2018-2024)
Table 48. Allergan Recent Developments
Table 49. Novo Nordisk Basic Information List
Table 50. Novo Nordisk Description and Business Overview
Table 51. Novo Nordisk Oral Peptide Drug Products, Services and Solutions
Table 52. Revenue (US$ Million) in Oral Peptide Drug Business of Novo Nordisk (2018-2024)
Table 53. Novo Nordisk Recent Developments
Table 54. Synergy Pharmaceuticals (Salix) Basic Information List
Table 55. Synergy Pharmaceuticals (Salix) Description and Business Overview
Table 56. Synergy Pharmaceuticals (Salix) Oral Peptide Drug Products, Services and Solutions
Table 57. Revenue (US$ Million) in Oral Peptide Drug Business of Synergy Pharmaceuticals (Salix) (2018-2024)
Table 58. Synergy Pharmaceuticals (Salix) Recent Developments
Table 59. Novartis Basic Information List
Table 60. Novartis Description and Business Overview
Table 61. Novartis Oral Peptide Drug Products, Services and Solutions
Table 62. Revenue (US$ Million) in Oral Peptide Drug Business of Novartis (2018-2024)
Table 63. Novartis Recent Developments
Table 64. Chiasma Basic Information List
Table 65. Chiasma Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Chiasma Oral Peptide Drug Products, Services and Solutions
Table 67. Revenue (US$ Million) in Oral Peptide Drug Business of Chiasma (2018-2024)
Table 68. Chiasma Recent Developments
Table 69. North America Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 70. North America Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 71. Europe Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 72. Europe Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 73. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 74. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Region (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 75. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 76. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Market Share by Region (2018-2024)
Table 77. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
Table 78. Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 79. Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 80. Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 81. Middle East & Africa Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 82. Middle East & Africa Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 83. Middle East & Africa Oral Peptide Drug Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 84. Oral Peptide Drug Market Trends
Table 85. Oral Peptide Drug Market Drivers
Table 86. Oral Peptide Drug Market Challenges
Table 87. Oral Peptide Drug Market Restraints
Table 88. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 89. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 90. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Year-over-Year 2018-2029 & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 3. Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Share by Regions: 2022 VS 2029
Figure 4. Global Oral Peptide Drug Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2029)
Figure 5. North America Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Europe Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Product Picture of Linaclotide
Figure 11. Global Linaclotide Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 12. Product Picture of Insulin
Figure 13. Global Insulin Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 14. Product Picture of Plecanatide
Figure 15. Global Plecanatide Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 16. Product Picture of Cyclosporine
Figure 17. Global Cyclosporine Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 18. Product Picture of Octreotide
Figure 19. Global Octreotide Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 20. Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Share by Type: 2022 & 2029
Figure 21. North America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 22. Europe Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 23. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 24. Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 25. Middle East and Africa Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 26. Hospital Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 27. Retail Pharmacy Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 28. Global Oral Peptide Drug Market Size Share by Application: 2022 & 2029
Figure 29. North America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 30. Europe Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 31. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 32. Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 33. Middle East and Africa Oral Peptide Drug Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 34. Oral Peptide Drug Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2022
Figure 35. Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Oral Peptide Drug Market Share in 2022
Figure 36. North America Oral Peptide Drug Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 37. U.S. Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Canada Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Germany Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. France Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. U.K. Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Italy Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Russia Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Nordic Countries Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Asia-Pacific Oral Peptide Drug Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure 46. China Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Japan Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. South Korea Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Southeast Asia Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. India Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Australia Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Latin America Oral Peptide Drug Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 53. Mexico Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. Brazil Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. Middle East & Africa Oral Peptide Drug Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 56. Turkey Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. Saudi Arabia Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. UAE Oral Peptide Drug Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report