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Global Marine Biomedicine Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application


Published on: 2024-01-04 | No of Pages : 400 | Industry : Pharma & Healthcare

Publisher : MRA | Format : PDF

Global Marine Biomedicine Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application

Marine Biomedicine refers to the study and development of medical and pharmaceutical products derived from marine organisms, including algae, microorganisms, and marine animals.
Marine Biomedicine report published by Mr Accuracy reports reveals that COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War impacted the market dually in 2022. Global Marine Biomedicine market is projected to reach US$ million in 2029, increasing from US$ million in 2022, with the CAGR of % during the period of 2024 to 2029. Demand from Drug and Health Care Products are the major drivers for the industry.
The market for Marine Biomedicine is driven by the growing interest in marine organisms as a potential source of novel bioactive compounds and pharmaceutical agents. Marine organisms produce a wide range of chemical compounds with unique biological activities, making them attractive targets for drug discovery and medical research. The demand for marine biomedicine products is influenced by the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries seeking new therapeutics and bioactive compounds. The continuous exploration of marine biodiversity and bioprospecting efforts may further influence market dynamics. However, market dynamics may be affected by challenges in marine organism collection and sustainable sourcing practices.
Report Scope
This report, based on historical analysis (2018-2022) and forecast calculation (2024-2034), aims to help readers to get a comprehensive understanding of global Marine Biomedicine market with multiple angles, which provides sufficient supports to readers’ strategy and decision making.
Companies, Type, Application and Regions Listed in the Report



By Company


Marinova
NEB
BiotechMarine
GlycoMar
Marine Biotech
Nofima
Sams
Aquapharm
Segment by Type
Marine Animal Technolog
Marine Plant Technology

Segment by Application


Drug
Health Care Products
By Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries

Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia

Latin America
Mexico
Brazil

Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Each chapter of the report provides detailed information for readers to understand the Marine Biomedicine market further
Chapter 1Global and regional market size and CAGR for the history and forecast period (2018-2024, 2024-2029).
Chapter 2Product Types and Revenue analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2024.
Chapter 3Product Application and Revenue analysis of Each Application in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2024.
Chapter 4Company Competition Status, Detailed analysis of Product Name companies’ competitive landscape, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 5Companies’ Outline, covering company’s basic information, Marine Biomedicine introduction, etc. Marine Biomedicine Revenue and Gross Margin of each company as well as Recent Development are also contained in this part.
Chapter 6 to 10Country Level analysis of North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa by revenue.
Chapter 11Market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by companies in the industry.
Chapter 12Mr Accuracy reports’s Conclusions of Marine Biomedicine market based on comprehensive survey.
Chapter 13Methodology and Data Sources adopted by Mr Accuracy reports.

Table of Content

1 Market Overview of Marine Biomedicine
1.1 Marine Biomedicine Market Overview
1.1.1 Marine Biomedicine Product Scope
1.1.2 Marine Biomedicine Market Status and Outlook
1.2 Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size Overview by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
1.3 Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Region (2018-2029)
1.4 Global Marine Biomedicine Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2024)
1.5 Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size Forecast by Region (2024-2029)
1.6 Key Regions, Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.1 North America Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.2 Europe Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.4 Latin America Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029)
2 Marine Biomedicine Market by Type
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Marine Animal Technolog
2.1.2 Marine Plant Technology
2.2 Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
2.2.1 Global Marine Biomedicine Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2024)
2.2.2 Global Marine Biomedicine Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)
2.3 Key Regions Market Size by Type
2.3.1 North America Marine Biomedicine Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.2 Europe Marine Biomedicine Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.3 Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.4 Latin America Marine Biomedicine Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.5 Middle East and Africa Marine Biomedicine Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
3 Marine Biomedicine Market Overview by Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Drug
3.1.2 Health Care Products
3.2 Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
3.2.1 Global Marine Biomedicine Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2024)
3.2.2 Global Marine Biomedicine Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)
3.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
3.3.1 North America Marine Biomedicine Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.2 Europe Marine Biomedicine Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.3 Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.4 Latin America Marine Biomedicine Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.5 Middle East and Africa Marine Biomedicine Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
4 Marine Biomedicine Competition Analysis by Players
4.1 Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Players (2018-2024)
4.2 Global Top Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Marine Biomedicine as of 2022)
4.3 Date of Key Players Enter into Marine Biomedicine Market
4.4 Global Top Players Marine Biomedicine Headquarters and Area Served
4.5 Key Players Marine Biomedicine Product Solution and Service
4.6 Competitive Status
4.6.1 Marine Biomedicine Market Concentration Rate
4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Company (Top Players) Profiles
5.1 Marinova
5.1.1 Marinova Profile
5.1.2 Marinova Main Business
5.1.3 Marinova Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
5.1.4 Marinova Marine Biomedicine Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.1.5 Marinova Recent Developments
5.2 NEB
5.2.1 NEB Profile
5.2.2 NEB Main Business
5.2.3 NEB Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
5.2.4 NEB Marine Biomedicine Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.2.5 NEB Recent Developments
5.3 BiotechMarine
5.3.1 BiotechMarine Profile
5.3.2 BiotechMarine Main Business
5.3.3 BiotechMarine Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
5.3.4 BiotechMarine Marine Biomedicine Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.3.5 GlycoMar Recent Developments
5.4 GlycoMar
5.4.1 GlycoMar Profile
5.4.2 GlycoMar Main Business
5.4.3 GlycoMar Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
5.4.4 GlycoMar Marine Biomedicine Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.4.5 GlycoMar Recent Developments
5.5 Marine Biotech
5.5.1 Marine Biotech Profile
5.5.2 Marine Biotech Main Business
5.5.3 Marine Biotech Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
5.5.4 Marine Biotech Marine Biomedicine Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.5.5 Marine Biotech Recent Developments
5.6 Nofima
5.6.1 Nofima Profile
5.6.2 Nofima Main Business
5.6.3 Nofima Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
5.6.4 Nofima Marine Biomedicine Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.6.5 Nofima Recent Developments
5.7 Sams
5.7.1 Sams Profile
5.7.2 Sams Main Business
5.7.3 Sams Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
5.7.4 Sams Marine Biomedicine Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.7.5 Sams Recent Developments
5.8 Aquapharm
5.8.1 Aquapharm Profile
5.8.2 Aquapharm Main Business
5.8.3 Aquapharm Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
5.8.4 Aquapharm Marine Biomedicine Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2024)
5.8.5 Aquapharm Recent Developments
6 North America
6.1 North America Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
6.2 U.S.
6.3 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 U.K.
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Nordic Countries
7.8 Rest of Europe
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Region (2018-2029)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 South Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australia
8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
9.2 Mexico
9.3 Brazil
9.4 Rest of Latin America
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
10.2 Turkey
10.3 Saudi Arabia
10.4 UAE
10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Marine Biomedicine Market Dynamics
11.1 Marine Biomedicine Industry Trends
11.2 Marine Biomedicine Market Drivers
11.3 Marine Biomedicine Market Challenges
11.4 Marine Biomedicine Market Restraints
12 Research Finding /Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Market Marine Biomedicine Market Size (US$ Million) Comparison by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 2. Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Region (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size Share by Region (2018-2024)
Table 4. Global Marine Biomedicine Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Marine Biomedicine Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2029)
Table 6. Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size (US$ Million) by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 7. Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2024)
Table 9. Global Marine Biomedicine Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2029)
Table 11. North America Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. North America Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Europe Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Europe Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Latin America Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Latin America Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Middle East and Africa Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Type (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Middle East and Africa Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size (US$ Million) by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2024)
Table 24. Global Marine Biomedicine Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2029)
Table 26. North America Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Europe Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Europe Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Latin America Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Application (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Marine Biomedicine Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Marine Biomedicine Revenue (US$ Million) by Players (2018-2024)
Table 37. Global Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2024)
Table 38. Global Top Players Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Marine Biomedicine as of 2022)
Table 39. Date of Key Players Enter into Marine Biomedicine Market
Table 40. Global Marine Biomedicine Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 41. Marine Biomedicine Product Solution and Service
Table 42. Global Marine Biomedicine Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 43. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 44. Marinova Basic Information List
Table 45. Marinova Description and Business Overview
Table 46. Marinova Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
Table 47. Revenue (US$ Million) in Marine Biomedicine Business of Marinova (2018-2024)
Table 48. Marinova Recent Developments
Table 49. NEB Basic Information List
Table 50. NEB Description and Business Overview
Table 51. NEB Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
Table 52. Revenue (US$ Million) in Marine Biomedicine Business of NEB (2018-2024)
Table 53. NEB Recent Developments
Table 54. BiotechMarine Basic Information List
Table 55. BiotechMarine Description and Business Overview
Table 56. BiotechMarine Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
Table 57. Revenue (US$ Million) in Marine Biomedicine Business of BiotechMarine (2018-2024)
Table 58. BiotechMarine Recent Developments
Table 59. GlycoMar Basic Information List
Table 60. GlycoMar Description and Business Overview
Table 61. GlycoMar Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
Table 62. Revenue (US$ Million) in Marine Biomedicine Business of GlycoMar (2018-2024)
Table 63. GlycoMar Recent Developments
Table 64. Marine Biotech Basic Information List
Table 65. Marine Biotech Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Marine Biotech Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
Table 67. Revenue (US$ Million) in Marine Biomedicine Business of Marine Biotech (2018-2024)
Table 68. Marine Biotech Recent Developments
Table 69. Nofima Basic Information List
Table 70. Nofima Description and Business Overview
Table 71. Nofima Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
Table 72. Revenue (US$ Million) in Marine Biomedicine Business of Nofima (2018-2024)
Table 73. Nofima Recent Developments
Table 74. Sams Basic Information List
Table 75. Sams Description and Business Overview
Table 76. Sams Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
Table 77. Revenue (US$ Million) in Marine Biomedicine Business of Sams (2018-2024)
Table 78. Sams Recent Developments
Table 79. Aquapharm Basic Information List
Table 80. Aquapharm Description and Business Overview
Table 81. Aquapharm Marine Biomedicine Products, Services and Solutions
Table 82. Revenue (US$ Million) in Marine Biomedicine Business of Aquapharm (2018-2024)
Table 83. Aquapharm Recent Developments
Table 84. North America Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 85. North America Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 86. Europe Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 87. Europe Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 88. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 89. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Region (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 91. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Market Share by Region (2018-2024)
Table 92. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
Table 93. Latin America Marine Biomedicine Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 94. Latin America Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 95. Latin America Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 96. Middle East & Africa Marine Biomedicine Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 97. Middle East & Africa Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2018-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 98. Middle East & Africa Marine Biomedicine Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 99. Marine Biomedicine Market Trends
Table 100. Marine Biomedicine Market Drivers
Table 101. Marine Biomedicine Market Challenges
Table 102. Marine Biomedicine Market Restraints
Table 103. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 104. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 105. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size Year-over-Year 2018-2029 & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 3. Global Marine Biomedicine Market Share by Regions: 2022 VS 2029
Figure 4. Global Marine Biomedicine Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2029)
Figure 5. North America Marine Biomedicine Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Europe Marine Biomedicine Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Latin America Marine Biomedicine Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa Marine Biomedicine Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Product Picture of Marine Animal Technolog
Figure 11. Global Marine Animal Technolog Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 12. Product Picture of Marine Plant Technology
Figure 13. Global Marine Plant Technology Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 14. Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size Share by Type: 2022 & 2029
Figure 15. North America Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 16. Europe Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 17. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 18. Latin America Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 19. Middle East and Africa Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 20. Drug Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 21. Health Care Products Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 22. Global Marine Biomedicine Market Size Share by Application: 2022 & 2029
Figure 23. North America Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 24. Europe Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 25. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 26. Latin America Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 27. Middle East and Africa Marine Biomedicine Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 28. Marine Biomedicine Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2022
Figure 29. Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Marine Biomedicine Market Share in 2022
Figure 30. North America Marine Biomedicine Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 31. U.S. Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Canada Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Germany Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. France Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. U.K. Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Italy Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Russia Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Nordic Countries Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Asia-Pacific Marine Biomedicine Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure 40. China Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Japan Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. South Korea Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Southeast Asia Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. India Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Australia Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Latin America Marine Biomedicine Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 47. Mexico Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Brazil Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Middle East & Africa Marine Biomedicine Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 50. Turkey Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Saudi Arabia Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. UAE Marine Biomedicine Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report