Table of Content

1 Market Overview of Preventive Healthcare Technology
1.1 Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Overview
1.1.1 Preventive Healthcare Technology Product Scope
1.1.2 Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Status and Outlook
1.2 Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Overview by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
1.3 Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
1.4 Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023)
1.5 Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Forecast by Region (2024-2033)
1.6 Key Regions, Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.1 North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.2 Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.4 Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033)
2 Preventive Healthcare Technology Market by Type
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Gene Testing & Screening
2.1.2 Vaccines
2.2 Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
2.2.1 Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
2.2.2 Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033)
2.3 Key Regions Market Size by Type
2.3.1 North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.2 Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.3 Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.4 Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.5 Middle East and Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
3 Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Overview by Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Adults
3.1.2 Children
3.2 Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
3.2.1 Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033)
3.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
3.3.1 North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.2 Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.3 Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.4 Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.5 Middle East and Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
4 Preventive Healthcare Technology Competition Analysis by Players
4.1 Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Players (2018-2023)
4.2 Global Top Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Preventive Healthcare Technology as of 2022)
4.3 Date of Key Players Enter into Preventive Healthcare Technology Market
4.4 Global Top Players Preventive Healthcare Technology Headquarters and Area Served
4.5 Key Players Preventive Healthcare Technology Product Solution and Service
4.6 Competitive Status
4.6.1 Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Concentration Rate
4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Company (Top Players) Profiles
5.1 23andMe
5.1.1 23andMe Profile
5.1.2 23andMe Main Business
5.1.3 23andMe Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
5.1.4 23andMe Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.1.5 23andMe Recent Developments
5.2 MyHeritage
5.2.1 MyHeritage Profile
5.2.2 MyHeritage Main Business
5.2.3 MyHeritage Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
5.2.4 MyHeritage Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.2.5 MyHeritage Recent Developments
5.3 Myriad Genetics
5.3.1 Myriad Genetics Profile
5.3.2 Myriad Genetics Main Business
5.3.3 Myriad Genetics Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
5.3.4 Myriad Genetics Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.3.5 Quest Diagnostics Recent Developments
5.4 Quest Diagnostics
5.4.1 Quest Diagnostics Profile
5.4.2 Quest Diagnostics Main Business
5.4.3 Quest Diagnostics Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
5.4.4 Quest Diagnostics Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.4.5 Quest Diagnostics Recent Developments
5.5 Medtronic
5.5.1 Medtronic Profile
5.5.2 Medtronic Main Business
5.5.3 Medtronic Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
5.5.4 Medtronic Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.5.5 Medtronic Recent Developments
5.6 Abbott
5.6.1 Abbott Profile
5.6.2 Abbott Main Business
5.6.3 Abbott Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
5.6.4 Abbott Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.6.5 Abbott Recent Developments
5.7 Merck
5.7.1 Merck Profile
5.7.2 Merck Main Business
5.7.3 Merck Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
5.7.4 Merck Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.7.5 Merck Recent Developments
5.8 GlaxoSmithKline
5.8.1 GlaxoSmithKline Profile
5.8.2 GlaxoSmithKline Main Business
5.8.3 GlaxoSmithKline Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
5.8.4 GlaxoSmithKline Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.8.5 GlaxoSmithKline Recent Developments
5.9 Sanofi
5.9.1 Sanofi Profile
5.9.2 Sanofi Main Business
5.9.3 Sanofi Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
5.9.4 Sanofi Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.9.5 Sanofi Recent Developments
5.10 Pfizer
5.10.1 Pfizer Profile
5.10.2 Pfizer Main Business
5.10.3 Pfizer Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
5.10.4 Pfizer Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.10.5 Pfizer Recent Developments
5.11 China National Biotec
5.11.1 China National Biotec Profile
5.11.2 China National Biotec Main Business
5.11.3 China National Biotec Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
5.11.4 China National Biotec Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.11.5 China National Biotec Recent Developments
6 North America
6.1 North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
6.2 United States
6.3 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 U.K.
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Nordic Countries
7.8 Rest of Europe
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 South Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australia
8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
9.2 Mexico
9.3 Brazil
9.4 Rest of Latin America
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
10.2 Turkey
10.3 Saudi Arabia
10.4 UAE
10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Dynamics
11.1 Preventive Healthcare Technology Industry Trends
11.2 Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Drivers
11.3 Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Challenges
11.4 Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Restraints
12 Research Finding /Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Market Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (US$ Million) Comparison by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 2. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 4. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 6. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (US$ Million) by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 7. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 9. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2033)
Table 11. North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Middle East and Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Middle East and Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (US$ Million) by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 22. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 24. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2033)
Table 26. North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue (US$ Million) by Players (2018-2023)
Table 37. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
Table 38. Global Top Players Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Preventive Healthcare Technology as of 2022)
Table 39. Date of Key Players Enter into Preventive Healthcare Technology Market
Table 40. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 41. Preventive Healthcare Technology Product Solution and Service
Table 42. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 43. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 44. 23andMe Basic Information List
Table 45. 23andMe Description and Business Overview
Table 46. 23andMe Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
Table 47. Revenue (US$ Million) in Preventive Healthcare Technology Business of 23andMe (2018-2023)
Table 48. 23andMe Recent Developments
Table 49. MyHeritage Basic Information List
Table 50. MyHeritage Description and Business Overview
Table 51. MyHeritage Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
Table 52. Revenue (US$ Million) in Preventive Healthcare Technology Business of MyHeritage (2018-2023)
Table 53. MyHeritage Recent Developments
Table 54. Myriad Genetics Basic Information List
Table 55. Myriad Genetics Description and Business Overview
Table 56. Myriad Genetics Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
Table 57. Revenue (US$ Million) in Preventive Healthcare Technology Business of Myriad Genetics (2018-2023)
Table 58. Myriad Genetics Recent Developments
Table 59. Quest Diagnostics Basic Information List
Table 60. Quest Diagnostics Description and Business Overview
Table 61. Quest Diagnostics Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
Table 62. Revenue (US$ Million) in Preventive Healthcare Technology Business of Quest Diagnostics (2018-2023)
Table 63. Quest Diagnostics Recent Developments
Table 64. Medtronic Basic Information List
Table 65. Medtronic Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Medtronic Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
Table 67. Revenue (US$ Million) in Preventive Healthcare Technology Business of Medtronic (2018-2023)
Table 68. Medtronic Recent Developments
Table 69. Abbott Basic Information List
Table 70. Abbott Description and Business Overview
Table 71. Abbott Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
Table 72. Revenue (US$ Million) in Preventive Healthcare Technology Business of Abbott (2018-2023)
Table 73. Abbott Recent Developments
Table 74. Merck Basic Information List
Table 75. Merck Description and Business Overview
Table 76. Merck Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
Table 77. Revenue (US$ Million) in Preventive Healthcare Technology Business of Merck (2018-2023)
Table 78. Merck Recent Developments
Table 79. GlaxoSmithKline Basic Information List
Table 80. GlaxoSmithKline Description and Business Overview
Table 81. GlaxoSmithKline Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
Table 82. Revenue (US$ Million) in Preventive Healthcare Technology Business of GlaxoSmithKline (2018-2023)
Table 83. GlaxoSmithKline Recent Developments
Table 84. Sanofi Basic Information List
Table 85. Sanofi Description and Business Overview
Table 86. Sanofi Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
Table 87. Revenue (US$ Million) in Preventive Healthcare Technology Business of Sanofi (2018-2023)
Table 88. Sanofi Recent Developments
Table 89. Pfizer Basic Information List
Table 90. Pfizer Description and Business Overview
Table 91. Pfizer Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
Table 92. Revenue (US$ Million) in Preventive Healthcare Technology Business of Pfizer (2018-2023)
Table 93. Pfizer Recent Developments
Table 94. China National Biotec Basic Information List
Table 95. China National Biotec Description and Business Overview
Table 96. China National Biotec Preventive Healthcare Technology Products, Services and Solutions
Table 97. Revenue (US$ Million) in Preventive Healthcare Technology Business of China National Biotec (2018-2023)
Table 98. China National Biotec Recent Developments
Table 99. North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 100. North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 101. Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 102. Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 103. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 104. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 105. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 106. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 107. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 108. Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 109. Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 110. Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 111. Middle East & Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 112. Middle East & Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 113. Middle East & Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 114. Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Trends
Table 115. Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Drivers
Table 116. Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Challenges
Table 117. Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Restraints
Table 118. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 119. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 120. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Year-over-Year 2018-2033 & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Figure 3. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Share by Regions: 2022 VS 2033
Figure 4. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Figure 5. North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Product Picture of Gene Testing & Screening
Figure 11. Global Gene Testing & Screening Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 12. Product Picture of Vaccines
Figure 13. Global Vaccines Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 14. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Share by Type: 2022 & 2033
Figure 15. North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 16. Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 17. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 18. Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 19. Middle East and Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 20. Adults Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 21. Children Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 22. Global Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size Share by Application: 2022 & 2033
Figure 23. North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 24. Europe Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 25. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 26. Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 27. Middle East and Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 28. Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2022
Figure 29. Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Share in 2022
Figure 30. North America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 31. United States Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Canada Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Germany Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. France Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. U.K. Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Italy Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Russia Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Nordic Countries Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Asia-Pacific Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Share by Region (2018-2033)
Figure 40. China Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Japan Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. South Korea Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Southeast Asia Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. India Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Australia Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Latin America Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 47. Mexico Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Brazil Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Middle East & Africa Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 50. Turkey Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Saudi Arabia Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. UAE Preventive Healthcare Technology Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report