Table of Content

1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
1.2.2 Bank Characterization and Testing
1.2.3 Cell Bank Storage
1.2.4 Cell Bank Preparation
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Growth by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
1.3.2 Viral Cell Bank
1.3.3 Master Cell Bank
1.3.4 Working Cell Bank
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Perspective (2018-2033)
2.2 Cell Banking and Storage Growth Trends by Region
2.2.1 Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
2.2.2 Cell Banking and Storage Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023)
2.2.3 Cell Banking and Storage Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2033)
2.3 Cell Banking and Storage Market Dynamics
2.3.1 Cell Banking and Storage Industry Trends
2.3.2 Cell Banking and Storage Market Drivers
2.3.3 Cell Banking and Storage Market Challenges
2.3.4 Cell Banking and Storage Market Restraints
3 Competition Landscape by Key Players
3.1 Global Top Cell Banking and Storage Players by Revenue
3.1.1 Global Top Cell Banking and Storage Players by Revenue (2018-2023)
3.1.2 Global Cell Banking and Storage Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
3.2 Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Cell Banking and Storage Revenue
3.4 Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Concentration Ratio
3.4.1 Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Cell Banking and Storage Revenue in 2022
3.5 Cell Banking and Storage Key Players Head office and Area Served
3.6 Key Players Cell Banking and Storage Product Solution and Service
3.7 Date of Enter into Cell Banking and Storage Market
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Cell Banking and Storage Breakdown Data by Type
4.1 Global Cell Banking and Storage Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
4.2 Global Cell Banking and Storage Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033)
5 Cell Banking and Storage Breakdown Data by Application
5.1 Global Cell Banking and Storage Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
5.2 Global Cell Banking and Storage Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033)
6 North America
6.1 North America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size (2018-2033)
6.2 North America Cell Banking and Storage Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
6.3 North America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2018-2023)
6.4 North America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2024-2033)
6.5 United States
6.6 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Cell Banking and Storage Market Size (2018-2033)
7.2 Europe Cell Banking and Storage Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
7.3 Europe Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2018-2023)
7.4 Europe Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2024-2033)
7.5 Germany
7.6 France
7.7 U.K.
7.8 Italy
7.9 Russia
7.10 Nordic Countries
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Cell Banking and Storage Market Size (2018-2033)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Cell Banking and Storage Market Growth Rate by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
8.3 Asia-Pacific Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Region (2018-2023)
8.4 Asia-Pacific Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Region (2024-2033)
8.5 China
8.6 Japan
8.7 South Korea
8.8 Southeast Asia
8.9 India
8.10 Australia
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size (2018-2033)
9.2 Latin America Cell Banking and Storage Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
9.3 Latin America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2018-2023)
9.4 Latin America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2024-2033)
9.5 Mexico
9.6 Brazil
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Cell Banking and Storage Market Size (2018-2033)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Cell Banking and Storage Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
10.3 Middle East & Africa Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2018-2023)
10.4 Middle East & Africa Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2024-2033)
10.5 Turkey
10.6 Saudi Arabia
10.7 UAE
11 Key Players Profiles
11.1 Charles River
11.1.1 Charles River Company Detail
11.1.2 Charles River Business Overview
11.1.3 Charles River Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.1.4 Charles River Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.1.5 Charles River Recent Development
11.2 Sigma-Aldrich
11.2.1 Sigma-Aldrich Company Detail
11.2.2 Sigma-Aldrich Business Overview
11.2.3 Sigma-Aldrich Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.2.4 Sigma-Aldrich Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.2.5 Sigma-Aldrich Recent Development
11.3 WuXi AppTec
11.3.1 WuXi AppTec Company Detail
11.3.2 WuXi AppTec Business Overview
11.3.3 WuXi AppTec Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.3.4 WuXi AppTec Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.3.5 WuXi AppTec Recent Development
11.4 Ingestem
11.4.1 Ingestem Company Detail
11.4.2 Ingestem Business Overview
11.4.3 Ingestem Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.4.4 Ingestem Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.4.5 Ingestem Recent Development
11.5 SGS Life Sciences
11.5.1 SGS Life Sciences Company Detail
11.5.2 SGS Life Sciences Business Overview
11.5.3 SGS Life Sciences Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.5.4 SGS Life Sciences Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.5.5 SGS Life Sciences Recent Development
11.6 Reliance Life Sciences
11.6.1 Reliance Life Sciences Company Detail
11.6.2 Reliance Life Sciences Business Overview
11.6.3 Reliance Life Sciences Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.6.4 Reliance Life Sciences Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.6.5 Reliance Life Sciences Recent Development
11.7 Px'Therapeutics
11.7.1 Px'Therapeutics Company Detail
11.7.2 Px'Therapeutics Business Overview
11.7.3 Px'Therapeutics Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.7.4 Px'Therapeutics Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.7.5 Px'Therapeutics Recent Development
11.8 Lonza
11.8.1 Lonza Company Detail
11.8.2 Lonza Business Overview
11.8.3 Lonza Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.8.4 Lonza Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.8.5 Lonza Recent Development
11.9 Lifecell
11.9.1 Lifecell Company Detail
11.9.2 Lifecell Business Overview
11.9.3 Lifecell Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.9.4 Lifecell Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.9.5 Lifecell Recent Development
11.10 Goodwin Biotechnology
11.10.1 Goodwin Biotechnology Company Detail
11.10.2 Goodwin Biotechnology Business Overview
11.10.3 Goodwin Biotechnology Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.10.4 Goodwin Biotechnology Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.10.5 Goodwin Biotechnology Recent Development
11.11 Globalstem
11.11.1 Globalstem Company Detail
11.11.2 Globalstem Business Overview
11.11.3 Globalstem Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.11.4 Globalstem Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.11.5 Globalstem Recent Development
11.12 Cryo-Cell
11.12.1 Cryo-Cell Company Detail
11.12.2 Cryo-Cell Business Overview
11.12.3 Cryo-Cell Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.12.4 Cryo-Cell Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.12.5 Cryo-Cell Recent Development
11.13 Tran-Scell Biologics
11.13.1 Tran-Scell Biologics Company Detail
11.13.2 Tran-Scell Biologics Business Overview
11.13.3 Tran-Scell Biologics Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.13.4 Tran-Scell Biologics Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.13.5 Tran-Scell Biologics Recent Development
11.14 Toxikon
11.14.1 Toxikon Company Detail
11.14.2 Toxikon Business Overview
11.14.3 Toxikon Cell Banking and Storage Introduction
11.14.4 Toxikon Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
11.14.5 Toxikon Recent Development
12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.2 Data Source
13.2 Disclaimer
13.3 Author Details

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 2. Key Players of Bank Characterization and Testing
Table 3. Key Players of Cell Bank Storage
Table 4. Key Players of Cell Bank Preparation
Table 5. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 6. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 7. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 9. Global Cell Banking and Storage Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 11. Cell Banking and Storage Market Trends
Table 12. Cell Banking and Storage Market Drivers
Table 13. Cell Banking and Storage Market Challenges
Table 14. Cell Banking and Storage Market Restraints
Table 15. Global Cell Banking and Storage Revenue by Players (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
Table 17. Global Top Cell Banking and Storage Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage as of 2022)
Table 18. Ranking of Global Top Cell Banking and Storage Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2022
Table 19. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Cell Banking and Storage Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2018-2023)
Table 20. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 21. Key Players Cell Banking and Storage Product Solution and Service
Table 22. Date of Enter into Cell Banking and Storage Market
Table 23. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 24. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Cell Banking and Storage Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 26. Global Cell Banking and Storage Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. Global Cell Banking and Storage Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2033)
Table 28. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Cell Banking and Storage Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 30. Global Cell Banking and Storage Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Global Cell Banking and Storage Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2033)
Table 32. North America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 33. North America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. North America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Europe Cell Banking and Storage Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 36. Europe Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Europe Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Asia-Pacific Cell Banking and Storage Market Size Growth Rate by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 39. Asia-Pacific Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Asia-Pacific Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 41. Latin America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 42. Latin America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 43. Latin America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Middle East & Africa Cell Banking and Storage Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 45. Middle East & Africa Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 46. Middle East & Africa Cell Banking and Storage Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Charles River Company Detail
Table 48. Charles River Business Overview
Table 49. Charles River Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 50. Charles River Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 51. Charles River Recent Development
Table 52. Sigma-Aldrich Company Detail
Table 53. Sigma-Aldrich Business Overview
Table 54. Sigma-Aldrich Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 55. Sigma-Aldrich Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 56. Sigma-Aldrich Recent Development
Table 57. WuXi AppTec Company Detail
Table 58. WuXi AppTec Business Overview
Table 59. WuXi AppTec Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 60. WuXi AppTec Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 61. WuXi AppTec Recent Development
Table 62. Ingestem Company Detail
Table 63. Ingestem Business Overview
Table 64. Ingestem Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 65. Ingestem Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 66. Ingestem Recent Development
Table 67. SGS Life Sciences Company Detail
Table 68. SGS Life Sciences Business Overview
Table 69. SGS Life Sciences Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 70. SGS Life Sciences Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 71. SGS Life Sciences Recent Development
Table 72. Reliance Life Sciences Company Detail
Table 73. Reliance Life Sciences Business Overview
Table 74. Reliance Life Sciences Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 75. Reliance Life Sciences Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 76. Reliance Life Sciences Recent Development
Table 77. Px'Therapeutics Company Detail
Table 78. Px'Therapeutics Business Overview
Table 79. Px'Therapeutics Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 80. Px'Therapeutics Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 81. Px'Therapeutics Recent Development
Table 82. Lonza Company Detail
Table 83. Lonza Business Overview
Table 84. Lonza Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 85. Lonza Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 86. Lonza Recent Development
Table 87. Lifecell Company Detail
Table 88. Lifecell Business Overview
Table 89. Lifecell Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 90. Lifecell Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 91. Lifecell Recent Development
Table 92. Goodwin Biotechnology Company Detail
Table 93. Goodwin Biotechnology Business Overview
Table 94. Goodwin Biotechnology Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 95. Goodwin Biotechnology Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 96. Goodwin Biotechnology Recent Development
Table 97. Globalstem Company Detail
Table 98. Globalstem Business Overview
Table 99. Globalstem Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 100. Globalstem Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 101. Globalstem Recent Development
Table 102. Cryo-Cell Company Detail
Table 103. Cryo-Cell Business Overview
Table 104. Cryo-Cell Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 105. Cryo-Cell Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 106. Cryo-Cell Recent Development
Table 107. Tran-Scell Biologics Company Detail
Table 108. Tran-Scell Biologics Business Overview
Table 109. Tran-Scell Biologics Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 110. Tran-Scell Biologics Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 111. Tran-Scell Biologics Recent Development
Table 112. Toxikon Company Detail
Table 113. Toxikon Business Overview
Table 114. Toxikon Cell Banking and Storage Product
Table 115. Toxikon Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 116. Toxikon Recent Development
Table 117. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 118. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 119. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size Comparison by Type (2023-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Type: 2022 VS 2033
Figure 3. Bank Characterization and Testing Features
Figure 4. Cell Bank Storage Features
Figure 5. Cell Bank Preparation Features
Figure 6. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size Comparison by Application (2023-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Application: 2022 VS 2033
Figure 8. Viral Cell Bank Case Studies
Figure 9. Master Cell Bank Case Studies
Figure 10. Working Cell Bank Case Studies
Figure 11. Cell Banking and Storage Report Years Considered
Figure 12. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2018-2033
Figure 13. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Size, (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Figure 14. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Region: 2022 VS 2033
Figure 15. Global Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Players in 2022
Figure 16. Global Top Cell Banking and Storage Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Cell Banking and Storage as of 2022)
Figure 17. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Cell Banking and Storage Revenue in 2022
Figure 18. North America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 19. North America Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 20. United States Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Canada Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Europe Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Europe Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 24. Germany Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 25. France Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. U.K. Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Italy Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Russia Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Asia-Pacific Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Asia-Pacific Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Region (2018-2033)
Figure 32. China Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Japan Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. South Korea Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Southeast Asia Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. India Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Australia Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Latin America Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Latin America Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 40. Mexico Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Brazil Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Middle East & Africa Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Middle East & Africa Cell Banking and Storage Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 44. Turkey Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Saudi Arabia Cell Banking and Storage Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Charles River Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 47. Sigma-Aldrich Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 48. WuXi AppTec Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 49. Ingestem Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 50. SGS Life Sciences Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 51. Reliance Life Sciences Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 52. Px'Therapeutics Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 53. Lonza Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 54. Lifecell Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 55. Goodwin Biotechnology Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 56. Globalstem Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 57. Cryo-Cell Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 58. Tran-Scell Biologics Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 59. Toxikon Revenue Growth Rate in Cell Banking and Storage Business (2018-2023)
Figure 60. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 61. Data Triangulation
Figure 62. Key Executives Interviewed