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Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application


Published on: 2024-01-04 | No of Pages : 400 | Industry : Agriculture

Publisher : MRA | Format : PDF

Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application

The global hydroponics technologies market consists of technologies used for growing plants without the use of soil. Environment and climate control systems, grow lights, farm management systems, and material handling systems are various types of technologies that have been considered in this report.
Hydroponics Technologies report published by MRAResearch reveals that COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War impacted the market dually in 2022. Global Hydroponics Technologies market is projected to reach US$ 37130 million in 2033, increasing from US$ 26720 million in 2022, with the CAGR of 4.7% during the period of 2023 to 2033. Demand from Aggregate Hydroponic System and Liquid Hydroponic System are the major drivers for the industry.
The need for reduction in soil and water pollution is one of the major factors driving the global hydroponics technologies market. In land farming, the chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides are used to increase the yield rates substantially. This causes soil and water pollution. The chemicals such as pesticides accumulate in soil and alter microbial processes, increasing the plants’ uptake of chemicals. This leads to higher toxicity in plants, which can affect soil organisms, animals, and humans that consume such plants.
Report Scope
This report, based on historical analysis (2018-2022) and forecast calculation (2023-2033), aims to help readers to get a comprehensive understanding of global Hydroponics Technologies market with multiple angles, which provides sufficient supports to readers’ strategy and decision making.
Companies, Type, Application and Regions Listed in the Report



By Company


AmHydro
CropKing
Growers Supply
Nutriculture
Oxygen Pot Systems
SuperCloset
Segment by Type
Environment and Climate Control Systems
Grow Lights
Farm Management Systems
Material Handling Systems

Segment by Application


Aggregate Hydroponic System
Liquid Hydroponic System
Others
By Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries

Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia

Latin America
Mexico
Brazil

Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Each chapter of the report provides detailed information for readers to understand the Hydroponics Technologies market further
Chapter 1Global and regional market size and CAGR for the history and forecast period (2018-2023, 2024-2033).
Chapter 2Product Types and Revenue analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 3Product Application and Revenue analysis of Each Application in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 4Company Competition Status, Detailed analysis of Product Name companies’ competitive landscape, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 5Companies’ Outline, covering company’s basic information, Hydroponics Technologies introduction, etc. Hydroponics Technologies Revenue and Gross Margin of each company as well as Recent Development are also contained in this part.
Chapter 6 to 10Country Level analysis of North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa by revenue.
Chapter 11Market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by companies in the industry.
Chapter 12MRAResearch’s Conclusions of Hydroponics Technologies market based on comprehensive survey.
Chapter 13Methodology and Data Sources adopted by MRAResearch.

Table of Content

1 Market Overview of Hydroponics Technologies
1.1 Hydroponics Technologies Market Overview
1.1.1 Hydroponics Technologies Product Scope
1.1.2 Hydroponics Technologies Market Status and Outlook
1.2 Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Overview by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
1.3 Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
1.4 Global Hydroponics Technologies Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023)
1.5 Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Forecast by Region (2024-2033)
1.6 Key Regions, Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.1 North America Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.2 Europe Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.4 Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033)
2 Hydroponics Technologies Market by Type
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Environment and Climate Control Systems
2.1.2 Grow Lights
2.1.3 Farm Management Systems
2.1.4 Material Handling Systems
2.2 Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
2.2.1 Global Hydroponics Technologies Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
2.2.2 Global Hydroponics Technologies Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033)
2.3 Key Regions Market Size by Type
2.3.1 North America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.2 Europe Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.3 Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.4 Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.5 Middle East and Africa Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
3 Hydroponics Technologies Market Overview by Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Aggregate Hydroponic System
3.1.2 Liquid Hydroponic System
3.1.3 Others
3.2 Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
3.2.1 Global Hydroponics Technologies Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Hydroponics Technologies Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033)
3.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
3.3.1 North America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.2 Europe Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.3 Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.4 Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.5 Middle East and Africa Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
4 Hydroponics Technologies Competition Analysis by Players
4.1 Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Players (2018-2023)
4.2 Global Top Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Hydroponics Technologies as of 2022)
4.3 Date of Key Players Enter into Hydroponics Technologies Market
4.4 Global Top Players Hydroponics Technologies Headquarters and Area Served
4.5 Key Players Hydroponics Technologies Product Solution and Service
4.6 Competitive Status
4.6.1 Hydroponics Technologies Market Concentration Rate
4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Company (Top Players) Profiles
5.1 AmHydro
5.1.1 AmHydro Profile
5.1.2 AmHydro Main Business
5.1.3 AmHydro Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
5.1.4 AmHydro Hydroponics Technologies Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.1.5 AmHydro Recent Developments
5.2 CropKing
5.2.1 CropKing Profile
5.2.2 CropKing Main Business
5.2.3 CropKing Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
5.2.4 CropKing Hydroponics Technologies Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.2.5 CropKing Recent Developments
5.3 Growers Supply
5.3.1 Growers Supply Profile
5.3.2 Growers Supply Main Business
5.3.3 Growers Supply Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
5.3.4 Growers Supply Hydroponics Technologies Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.3.5 Nutriculture Recent Developments
5.4 Nutriculture
5.4.1 Nutriculture Profile
5.4.2 Nutriculture Main Business
5.4.3 Nutriculture Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
5.4.4 Nutriculture Hydroponics Technologies Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.4.5 Nutriculture Recent Developments
5.5 Oxygen Pot Systems
5.5.1 Oxygen Pot Systems Profile
5.5.2 Oxygen Pot Systems Main Business
5.5.3 Oxygen Pot Systems Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
5.5.4 Oxygen Pot Systems Hydroponics Technologies Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.5.5 Oxygen Pot Systems Recent Developments
5.6 SuperCloset
5.6.1 SuperCloset Profile
5.6.2 SuperCloset Main Business
5.6.3 SuperCloset Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
5.6.4 SuperCloset Hydroponics Technologies Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.6.5 SuperCloset Recent Developments
6 North America
6.1 North America Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
6.2 U.S.
6.3 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 U.K.
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Nordic Countries
7.8 Rest of Europe
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 South Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australia
8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
9.2 Mexico
9.3 Brazil
9.4 Rest of Latin America
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
10.2 Turkey
10.3 Saudi Arabia
10.4 UAE
10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Hydroponics Technologies Market Dynamics
11.1 Hydroponics Technologies Industry Trends
11.2 Hydroponics Technologies Market Drivers
11.3 Hydroponics Technologies Market Challenges
11.4 Hydroponics Technologies Market Restraints
12 Research Finding /Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Market Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (US$ Million) Comparison by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 2. Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 4. Global Hydroponics Technologies Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Hydroponics Technologies Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 6. Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (US$ Million) by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 7. Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 9. Global Hydroponics Technologies Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2033)
Table 11. North America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. North America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Europe Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Europe Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Middle East and Africa Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Middle East and Africa Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (US$ Million) by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 22. Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 24. Global Hydroponics Technologies Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2033)
Table 26. North America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Europe Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Europe Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Hydroponics Technologies Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Hydroponics Technologies Revenue (US$ Million) by Players (2018-2023)
Table 37. Global Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
Table 38. Global Top Players Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Hydroponics Technologies as of 2022)
Table 39. Date of Key Players Enter into Hydroponics Technologies Market
Table 40. Global Hydroponics Technologies Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 41. Hydroponics Technologies Product Solution and Service
Table 42. Global Hydroponics Technologies Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 43. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 44. AmHydro Basic Information List
Table 45. AmHydro Description and Business Overview
Table 46. AmHydro Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
Table 47. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hydroponics Technologies Business of AmHydro (2018-2023)
Table 48. AmHydro Recent Developments
Table 49. CropKing Basic Information List
Table 50. CropKing Description and Business Overview
Table 51. CropKing Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
Table 52. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hydroponics Technologies Business of CropKing (2018-2023)
Table 53. CropKing Recent Developments
Table 54. Growers Supply Basic Information List
Table 55. Growers Supply Description and Business Overview
Table 56. Growers Supply Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
Table 57. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hydroponics Technologies Business of Growers Supply (2018-2023)
Table 58. Growers Supply Recent Developments
Table 59. Nutriculture Basic Information List
Table 60. Nutriculture Description and Business Overview
Table 61. Nutriculture Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
Table 62. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hydroponics Technologies Business of Nutriculture (2018-2023)
Table 63. Nutriculture Recent Developments
Table 64. Oxygen Pot Systems Basic Information List
Table 65. Oxygen Pot Systems Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Oxygen Pot Systems Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
Table 67. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hydroponics Technologies Business of Oxygen Pot Systems (2018-2023)
Table 68. Oxygen Pot Systems Recent Developments
Table 69. SuperCloset Basic Information List
Table 70. SuperCloset Description and Business Overview
Table 71. SuperCloset Hydroponics Technologies Products, Services and Solutions
Table 72. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hydroponics Technologies Business of SuperCloset (2018-2023)
Table 73. SuperCloset Recent Developments
Table 74. North America Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 75. North America Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 76. Europe Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 77. Europe Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 78. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 79. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 80. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 81. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 82. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Market Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 83. Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 84. Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 85. Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 86. Middle East & Africa Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 87. Middle East & Africa Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 88. Middle East & Africa Hydroponics Technologies Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 89. Hydroponics Technologies Market Trends
Table 90. Hydroponics Technologies Market Drivers
Table 91. Hydroponics Technologies Market Challenges
Table 92. Hydroponics Technologies Market Restraints
Table 93. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 94. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 95. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Year-over-Year 2018-2033 & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Figure 3. Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Share by Regions: 2022 VS 2033
Figure 4. Global Hydroponics Technologies Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Figure 5. North America Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Europe Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Product Picture of Environment and Climate Control Systems
Figure 11. Global Environment and Climate Control Systems Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 12. Product Picture of Grow Lights
Figure 13. Global Grow Lights Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 14. Product Picture of Farm Management Systems
Figure 15. Global Farm Management Systems Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 16. Product Picture of Material Handling Systems
Figure 17. Global Material Handling Systems Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 18. Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Share by Type: 2022 & 2033
Figure 19. North America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 20. Europe Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 21. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 22. Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 23. Middle East and Africa Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 24. Aggregate Hydroponic System Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 25. Liquid Hydroponic System Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 26. Others Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 27. Global Hydroponics Technologies Market Size Share by Application: 2022 & 2033
Figure 28. North America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 29. Europe Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 30. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 31. Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 32. Middle East and Africa Hydroponics Technologies Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 33. Hydroponics Technologies Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2022
Figure 34. Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Hydroponics Technologies Market Share in 2022
Figure 35. North America Hydroponics Technologies Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 36. U.S. Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Canada Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Germany Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. France Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. U.K. Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Italy Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Russia Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Nordic Countries Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Asia-Pacific Hydroponics Technologies Market Share by Region (2018-2033)
Figure 45. China Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Japan Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. South Korea Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. India Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Australia Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Latin America Hydroponics Technologies Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 52. Mexico Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Brazil Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. Middle East & Africa Hydroponics Technologies Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 55. Turkey Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. Saudi Arabia Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. UAE Hydroponics Technologies Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report