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Global Breeding Pig Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application


Published on: 2024-01-04 | No of Pages : 400 | Industry : Agriculture

Publisher : MRA | Format : PDF

Global Breeding Pig Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application

Breeding Pig report published by MRAResearch reveals that COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War impacted the market dually in 2022. Global Breeding Pig market is projected to reach US$ million in 2033, increasing from US$ million in 2022, with the CAGR of % during the period of 2023 to 2033. Demand from Artificial Insemination and Offspring Reproduction are the major drivers for the industry.
North America, Europe and Asia Pacific are the key regions for Breeding Pig industry. Among those areas, stimulated by rigid demand from downstream industries, Asia Pacific is estimated to experience fast growth, with the CAGR of % during 2023 to 2033.
Globally, Breeding Pig key companies include Danbred, Genus, Nucleus, Genesus, Hendrix  Genetics, TianZow, TOPIGS, Waldo Genetics and Alliance Genetics Canada, etc. Danbred, Genus, Nucleus are top 3 players and held % share in total in 2022.
Breeding Pig can be divided into Boar and Sow, etc. Boar is the mainstream product in the market, accounting for % share globally in 2022.
Breeding Pig is widely used in various fields, such as Artificial Insemination and Offspring Reproduction, etc. Artificial Insemination provides greatest supports to the Breeding Pig industry development. In 2022, global % share of Breeding Pig went into Artificial Insemination filed.
Report Scope
This report, based on historical analysis (2018-2022) and forecast calculation (2023-2033), aims to help readers to get a comprehensive understanding of global Breeding Pig market with multiple angles, which provides sufficient supports to readers’ strategy and decision making.
Companies, Type, Application and Regions Listed in the Report



By Company


Danbred
Genus
Nucleus
Genesus
Hendrix  Genetics
TianZow
TOPIGS
Waldo Genetics
Alliance Genetics Canada
Segment by Type
Boar
Sow

Segment by Application


Artificial Insemination
Offspring Reproduction
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries

Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia

Latin America
Mexico
Brazil

Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Each chapter of the report provides detailed information for readers to understand the Breeding Pig market further
Chapter 1Global and regional market size and CAGR for the history and forecast period (2018-2023, 2024-2033).
Chapter 2Product Types and Revenue analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 3Product Application and Revenue analysis of Each Application in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 4Company Competition Status, Detailed analysis of Product Name companies’ competitive landscape, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 5Companies’ Outline, covering company’s basic information, Breeding Pig introduction, etc. Breeding Pig Revenue and Gross Margin of each company as well as Recent Development are also contained in this part.
Chapter 6 to 10Country Level analysis of North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa by revenue.
Chapter 11Market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by companies in the industry.
Chapter 12MRAResearch’s Conclusions of Breeding Pig market based on comprehensive survey.
Chapter 13Methodology and Data Sources adopted by MRAResearch.

Table of Content

1 Market Overview of Breeding Pig
1.1 Breeding Pig Market Overview
1.1.1 Breeding Pig Product Scope
1.1.2 Breeding Pig Market Status and Outlook
1.2 Global Breeding Pig Market Size Overview by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
1.3 Global Breeding Pig Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
1.4 Global Breeding Pig Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023)
1.5 Global Breeding Pig Market Size Forecast by Region (2024-2033)
1.6 Key Regions, Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.1 North America Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.2 Europe Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.4 Latin America Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033)
2 Breeding Pig Market by Type
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Boar
2.1.2 Sow
2.2 Global Breeding Pig Market Size by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
2.2.1 Global Breeding Pig Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
2.2.2 Global Breeding Pig Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033)
2.3 Key Regions Market Size by Type
2.3.1 North America Breeding Pig Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.2 Europe Breeding Pig Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.3 Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.4 Latin America Breeding Pig Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.5 Middle East and Africa Breeding Pig Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
3 Breeding Pig Market Overview by Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Artificial Insemination
3.1.2 Offspring Reproduction
3.2 Global Breeding Pig Market Size by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
3.2.1 Global Breeding Pig Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Breeding Pig Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033)
3.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
3.3.1 North America Breeding Pig Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.2 Europe Breeding Pig Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.3 Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.4 Latin America Breeding Pig Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.5 Middle East and Africa Breeding Pig Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
4 Breeding Pig Competition Analysis by Players
4.1 Global Breeding Pig Market Size by Players (2018-2023)
4.2 Global Top Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Breeding Pig as of 2022)
4.3 Date of Key Players Enter into Breeding Pig Market
4.4 Global Top Players Breeding Pig Headquarters and Area Served
4.5 Key Players Breeding Pig Product Solution and Service
4.6 Competitive Status
4.6.1 Breeding Pig Market Concentration Rate
4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Company (Top Players) Profiles
5.1 Danbred
5.1.1 Danbred Profile
5.1.2 Danbred Main Business
5.1.3 Danbred Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
5.1.4 Danbred Breeding Pig Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.1.5 Danbred Recent Developments
5.2 Genus
5.2.1 Genus Profile
5.2.2 Genus Main Business
5.2.3 Genus Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
5.2.4 Genus Breeding Pig Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.2.5 Genus Recent Developments
5.3 Nucleus
5.3.1 Nucleus Profile
5.3.2 Nucleus Main Business
5.3.3 Nucleus Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
5.3.4 Nucleus Breeding Pig Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.3.5 Genesus Recent Developments
5.4 Genesus
5.4.1 Genesus Profile
5.4.2 Genesus Main Business
5.4.3 Genesus Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
5.4.4 Genesus Breeding Pig Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.4.5 Genesus Recent Developments
5.5 Hendrix  Genetics
5.5.1 Hendrix  Genetics Profile
5.5.2 Hendrix  Genetics Main Business
5.5.3 Hendrix  Genetics Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
5.5.4 Hendrix  Genetics Breeding Pig Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.5.5 Hendrix  Genetics Recent Developments
5.6 TianZow
5.6.1 TianZow Profile
5.6.2 TianZow Main Business
5.6.3 TianZow Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
5.6.4 TianZow Breeding Pig Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.6.5 TianZow Recent Developments
5.7 TOPIGS
5.7.1 TOPIGS Profile
5.7.2 TOPIGS Main Business
5.7.3 TOPIGS Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
5.7.4 TOPIGS Breeding Pig Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.7.5 TOPIGS Recent Developments
5.8 Waldo Genetics
5.8.1 Waldo Genetics Profile
5.8.2 Waldo Genetics Main Business
5.8.3 Waldo Genetics Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
5.8.4 Waldo Genetics Breeding Pig Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.8.5 Waldo Genetics Recent Developments
5.9 Alliance Genetics Canada
5.9.1 Alliance Genetics Canada Profile
5.9.2 Alliance Genetics Canada Main Business
5.9.3 Alliance Genetics Canada Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
5.9.4 Alliance Genetics Canada Breeding Pig Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.9.5 Alliance Genetics Canada Recent Developments
6 North America
6.1 North America Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
6.2 United States
6.3 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 U.K.
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Nordic Countries
7.8 Rest of Europe
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 South Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australia
8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
9.2 Mexico
9.3 Brazil
9.4 Rest of Latin America
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
10.2 Turkey
10.3 Saudi Arabia
10.4 UAE
10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Breeding Pig Market Dynamics
11.1 Breeding Pig Industry Trends
11.2 Breeding Pig Market Drivers
11.3 Breeding Pig Market Challenges
11.4 Breeding Pig Market Restraints
12 Research Finding /Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Market Breeding Pig Market Size (US$ Million) Comparison by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 2. Global Breeding Pig Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Breeding Pig Market Size Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 4. Global Breeding Pig Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Breeding Pig Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 6. Global Breeding Pig Market Size (US$ Million) by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 7. Global Breeding Pig Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 9. Global Breeding Pig Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2033)
Table 11. North America Breeding Pig Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. North America Breeding Pig Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Europe Breeding Pig Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Europe Breeding Pig Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Latin America Breeding Pig Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Latin America Breeding Pig Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Middle East and Africa Breeding Pig Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Middle East and Africa Breeding Pig Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. Global Breeding Pig Market Size (US$ Million) by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 22. Global Breeding Pig Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 24. Global Breeding Pig Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2033)
Table 26. North America Breeding Pig Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Breeding Pig Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Europe Breeding Pig Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Europe Breeding Pig Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Latin America Breeding Pig Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Breeding Pig Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Breeding Pig Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Breeding Pig Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Breeding Pig Revenue (US$ Million) by Players (2018-2023)
Table 37. Global Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
Table 38. Global Top Players Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Breeding Pig as of 2022)
Table 39. Date of Key Players Enter into Breeding Pig Market
Table 40. Global Breeding Pig Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 41. Breeding Pig Product Solution and Service
Table 42. Global Breeding Pig Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 43. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 44. Danbred Basic Information List
Table 45. Danbred Description and Business Overview
Table 46. Danbred Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
Table 47. Revenue (US$ Million) in Breeding Pig Business of Danbred (2018-2023)
Table 48. Danbred Recent Developments
Table 49. Genus Basic Information List
Table 50. Genus Description and Business Overview
Table 51. Genus Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
Table 52. Revenue (US$ Million) in Breeding Pig Business of Genus (2018-2023)
Table 53. Genus Recent Developments
Table 54. Nucleus Basic Information List
Table 55. Nucleus Description and Business Overview
Table 56. Nucleus Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
Table 57. Revenue (US$ Million) in Breeding Pig Business of Nucleus (2018-2023)
Table 58. Nucleus Recent Developments
Table 59. Genesus Basic Information List
Table 60. Genesus Description and Business Overview
Table 61. Genesus Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
Table 62. Revenue (US$ Million) in Breeding Pig Business of Genesus (2018-2023)
Table 63. Genesus Recent Developments
Table 64. Hendrix  Genetics Basic Information List
Table 65. Hendrix  Genetics Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Hendrix  Genetics Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
Table 67. Revenue (US$ Million) in Breeding Pig Business of Hendrix  Genetics (2018-2023)
Table 68. Hendrix  Genetics Recent Developments
Table 69. TianZow Basic Information List
Table 70. TianZow Description and Business Overview
Table 71. TianZow Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
Table 72. Revenue (US$ Million) in Breeding Pig Business of TianZow (2018-2023)
Table 73. TianZow Recent Developments
Table 74. TOPIGS Basic Information List
Table 75. TOPIGS Description and Business Overview
Table 76. TOPIGS Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
Table 77. Revenue (US$ Million) in Breeding Pig Business of TOPIGS (2018-2023)
Table 78. TOPIGS Recent Developments
Table 79. Waldo Genetics Basic Information List
Table 80. Waldo Genetics Description and Business Overview
Table 81. Waldo Genetics Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
Table 82. Revenue (US$ Million) in Breeding Pig Business of Waldo Genetics (2018-2023)
Table 83. Waldo Genetics Recent Developments
Table 84. Alliance Genetics Canada Basic Information List
Table 85. Alliance Genetics Canada Description and Business Overview
Table 86. Alliance Genetics Canada Breeding Pig Products, Services and Solutions
Table 87. Revenue (US$ Million) in Breeding Pig Business of Alliance Genetics Canada (2018-2023)
Table 88. Alliance Genetics Canada Recent Developments
Table 89. North America Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. North America Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 91. Europe Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Europe Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 93. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 94. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 95. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 96. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 97. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Market Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 98. Latin America Breeding Pig Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 99. Latin America Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 100. Latin America Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 101. Middle East & Africa Breeding Pig Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Table 102. Middle East & Africa Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 103. Middle East & Africa Breeding Pig Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 104. Breeding Pig Market Trends
Table 105. Breeding Pig Market Drivers
Table 106. Breeding Pig Market Challenges
Table 107. Breeding Pig Market Restraints
Table 108. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 109. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 110. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Breeding Pig Market Size Year-over-Year 2018-2033 & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Breeding Pig Market Size (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2022 VS 2033
Figure 3. Global Breeding Pig Market Share by Regions: 2022 VS 2033
Figure 4. Global Breeding Pig Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Figure 5. North America Breeding Pig Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Europe Breeding Pig Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Latin America Breeding Pig Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa Breeding Pig Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Product Picture of Boar
Figure 11. Global Boar Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 12. Product Picture of Sow
Figure 13. Global Sow Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 14. Global Breeding Pig Market Size Share by Type: 2022 & 2033
Figure 15. North America Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 16. Europe Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 17. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 18. Latin America Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 19. Middle East and Africa Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 20. Artificial Insemination Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 21. Offspring Reproduction Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 22. Global Breeding Pig Market Size Share by Application: 2022 & 2033
Figure 23. North America Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 24. Europe Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 25. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 26. Latin America Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 27. Middle East and Africa Breeding Pig Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 28. Breeding Pig Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2022
Figure 29. Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Breeding Pig Market Share in 2022
Figure 30. North America Breeding Pig Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 31. United States Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Canada Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Germany Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. France Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. U.K. Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Italy Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Russia Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Nordic Countries Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Asia-Pacific Breeding Pig Market Share by Region (2018-2033)
Figure 40. China Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Japan Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. South Korea Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Southeast Asia Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. India Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Australia Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Latin America Breeding Pig Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 47. Mexico Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Brazil Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Middle East & Africa Breeding Pig Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 50. Turkey Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Saudi Arabia Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. UAE Breeding Pig Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report