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Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Research Report 2024


Published on: 2024-01-04 | No of Pages : 400 | Industry : Latest Trends

Publisher : MRA | Format : PDF

Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Research Report 2024

PLA 3D printing filament is a common 3D printing material, which is made of polylactic acid (PLA). PLA is a biodegradable polymer, usually obtained by chemically converting plant-derived substances such as cornstarch or sucrose. PLA 3D printing filament is suitable for most desktop 3D printers because it is easy to use and process, and has a low melting point and high fluidity. It is an environmentally friendly material that does not produce toxic gases and has no noticeable odor during printing. The PLA 3D printing filament will melt during the printing process, and then build up layer by layer through the nozzle of the 3D printer to form the desired object. After printing, the PLA material will cool and solidify quickly, and keep its shape. PLA 3D printing filament is widely used in fields such as education, model making, prototyping and small batch production. It can print models with high precision and rich details, and it can be used to print objects of various colors and textures. In addition, the price of PLA printing filament is relatively low and easy to obtain, so it is very popular among users.
According to MRA Research’s new survey, global PLA 3D Printing Filament market is projected to reach US$ million in 2033, increasing from US$ million in 2023, with the CAGR of % during the period of 2023 to 2033. Influencing issues, such as economy environments, COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War, have led to great market fluctuations in the past few years and are considered comprehensively in the whole PLA 3D Printing Filament market research.
Key manufacturers engaged in the PLA 3D Printing Filament industry include BASF - Forward-AM, DFRobot, Dremel, eSUN, Fabru GmbH, Jabil Inc., LulzBot, MG Chemicals and TreedFilaments, etc. Among those manufacturers, the top 3 players guaranteed % supply worldwide in 2023.
When refers to consumption region, % volume of PLA 3D Printing Filament were sold to North America, Europe and Asia Pacific in 2023. Moreover, China, plays a key role in the whole PLA 3D Printing Filament market and estimated to attract more attentions from industry insiders and investors.
Report Scope
This report, based on historical analysis (2018-2023) and forecast calculation (2023-2033), aims to help readers to get a comprehensive understanding of global PLA 3D Printing Filament market with multiple angles, which provides sufficient supports to readers’ strategy and decision making.



By Company


BASF - Forward-AM
DFRobot
Dremel
eSUN
Fabru GmbH
Jabil Inc.
LulzBot
MG Chemicals
TreedFilaments
3DXtech
Tiertime Corporation
Raise3D
Ultimaker
ROBOZE
GEHR Kunststoffwerk
Fiberlogy
Hatchbox3d
FILOALFA
FormFutura
Volumic
eMotionTech
3D platform
Dagoma 3D
AzureFilm d.o.o.
Dedibot
Builder 3D Printers
ColorFabb
Flashforge
Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd.
Polymaker
Segment by Type
Standard Color
Transparent
Fluorescence
Luminous
Photochromic
Thermochromism
Matte
Other

Segment by Application


Educational Model
Artwork
Industrial Model
Medical
Other

Consumption by Region


North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
The PLA 3D Printing Filament report covers below items
Chapter 1Product Basic Information (Definition, Type and Application)
Chapter 2Manufacturers’ Competition Patterns
Chapter 3Country Level Sales Analysis
Chapter 4Product Type Analysis
Chapter 5Product Application Analysis
Chapter 6Manufacturers’ Outline
Chapter 7Industry Chain, Market Channel and Customer Analysis
Chapter 8Market Opportunities and Challenges
Chapter 9Market Conclusions
Chapter 10Research Methodology and Data Source

Table of Content

1 PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of PLA 3D Printing Filament
1.2 PLA 3D Printing Filament Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Value Comparison by Type (2023-2033)
1.2.2 Standard Color
1.2.3 Transparent
1.2.4 Fluorescence
1.2.5 Luminous
1.2.6 Photochromic
1.2.7 Thermochromism
1.2.8 Matte
1.2.9 Other
1.3 PLA 3D Printing Filament Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Value by Application: (2023-2033)
1.3.2 Educational Model
1.3.3 Artwork
1.3.4 Industrial Model
1.3.5 Medical
1.3.6 Other
1.4 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Size Estimates and Forecasts
1.4.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue 2018-2033
1.4.2 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales 2018-2033
1.4.3 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Average Price (2018-2033)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
2.2 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
2.3 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Average Price by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
2.4 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Industry Ranking 2021 VS 2023 VS 2023
2.5 Global Key Manufacturers of PLA 3D Printing Filament, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of PLA 3D Printing Filament, Product Type & Application
2.7 PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.7.1 PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Concentration Rate
2.7.2 The Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest PLA 3D Printing Filament Players Market Share by Revenue
2.7.3 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.8 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
3 PLA 3D Printing Filament Retrospective Market Scenario by Region
3.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Size by Region: 2018 Versus 2023 Versus 2033
3.2 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Region: 2018-2033
3.2.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Region: 2018-2023
3.2.2 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Region: 2024-2033
3.3 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Region: 2018-2033
3.3.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Region: 2018-2023
3.3.2 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Region: 2024-2033
3.4 North America PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.4.1 North America PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
3.4.2 North America PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2018-2033)
3.4.3 North America PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2018-2033)
3.4.4 United States
3.4.5 Canada
3.5 Europe PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.5.1 Europe PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
3.5.2 Europe PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2018-2033)
3.5.3 Europe PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2018-2033)
3.5.4 Germany
3.5.5 France
3.5.6 U.K.
3.5.7 Italy
3.5.8 Russia
3.6 Asia Pacific PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.6.1 Asia Pacific PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
3.6.2 Asia Pacific PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2018-2033)
3.6.3 Asia Pacific PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2018-2033)
3.6.4 China
3.6.5 Japan
3.6.6 South Korea
3.6.7 India
3.6.8 Australia
3.6.9 China Taiwan
3.6.10 Southeast Asia
3.7 Latin America PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.7.1 Latin America PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
3.7.2 Latin America PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2018-2033)
3.7.3 Latin America PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2018-2033)
3.7.4 Mexico
3.7.5 Brazil
3.7.6 Argentina
3.8 Middle East and Africa PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.8.1 Middle East and Africa PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
3.8.2 Middle East and Africa PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2018-2033)
3.8.3 Middle East and Africa PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2018-2033)
3.8.4 Turkey
3.8.5 Saudi Arabia
3.8.6 UAE
4 Segment by Type
4.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Type (2018-2033)
4.1.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Type (2018-2023)
4.1.2 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Type (2024-2033)
4.1.3 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
4.2 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Type (2018-2033)
4.2.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Type (2018-2023)
4.2.2 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Type (2024-2033)
4.2.3 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
4.3 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Price by Type (2018-2033)
5 Segment by Application
5.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Application (2018-2033)
5.1.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Application (2018-2023)
5.1.2 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Application (2024-2033)
5.1.3 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
5.2 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Application (2018-2033)
5.2.1 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Application (2018-2023)
5.2.2 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Application (2024-2033)
5.2.3 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
5.3 Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Price by Application (2018-2033)
6 Key Companies Profiled
6.1 BASF - Forward-AM
6.1.1 BASF - Forward-AM Corporation Information
6.1.2 BASF - Forward-AM Description and Business Overview
6.1.3 BASF - Forward-AM PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.1.4 BASF - Forward-AM PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.1.5 BASF - Forward-AM Recent Developments/Updates
6.2 DFRobot
6.2.1 DFRobot Corporation Information
6.2.2 DFRobot Description and Business Overview
6.2.3 DFRobot PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.2.4 DFRobot PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.2.5 DFRobot Recent Developments/Updates
6.3 Dremel
6.3.1 Dremel Corporation Information
6.3.2 Dremel Description and Business Overview
6.3.3 Dremel PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.3.4 Dremel PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Dremel Recent Developments/Updates
6.4 eSUN
6.4.1 eSUN Corporation Information
6.4.2 eSUN Description and Business Overview
6.4.3 eSUN PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.4.4 eSUN PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.4.5 eSUN Recent Developments/Updates
6.5 Fabru GmbH
6.5.1 Fabru GmbH Corporation Information
6.5.2 Fabru GmbH Description and Business Overview
6.5.3 Fabru GmbH PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.5.4 Fabru GmbH PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Fabru GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
6.6 Jabil Inc.
6.6.1 Jabil Inc. Corporation Information
6.6.2 Jabil Inc. Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Jabil Inc. PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.6.4 Jabil Inc. PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Jabil Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
6.7 LulzBot
6.6.1 LulzBot Corporation Information
6.6.2 LulzBot Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 LulzBot PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.4.4 LulzBot PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.7.5 LulzBot Recent Developments/Updates
6.8 MG Chemicals
6.8.1 MG Chemicals Corporation Information
6.8.2 MG Chemicals Description and Business Overview
6.8.3 MG Chemicals PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.8.4 MG Chemicals PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.8.5 MG Chemicals Recent Developments/Updates
6.9 TreedFilaments
6.9.1 TreedFilaments Corporation Information
6.9.2 TreedFilaments Description and Business Overview
6.9.3 TreedFilaments PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.9.4 TreedFilaments PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.9.5 TreedFilaments Recent Developments/Updates
6.10 3DXtech
6.10.1 3DXtech Corporation Information
6.10.2 3DXtech Description and Business Overview
6.10.3 3DXtech PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.10.4 3DXtech PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.10.5 3DXtech Recent Developments/Updates
6.11 Tiertime Corporation
6.11.1 Tiertime Corporation Corporation Information
6.11.2 Tiertime Corporation PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.11.3 Tiertime Corporation PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.11.4 Tiertime Corporation PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.11.5 Tiertime Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
6.12 Raise3D
6.12.1 Raise3D Corporation Information
6.12.2 Raise3D PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.12.3 Raise3D PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.12.4 Raise3D PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.12.5 Raise3D Recent Developments/Updates
6.13 Ultimaker
6.13.1 Ultimaker Corporation Information
6.13.2 Ultimaker PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.13.3 Ultimaker PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.13.4 Ultimaker PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.13.5 Ultimaker Recent Developments/Updates
6.14 ROBOZE
6.14.1 ROBOZE Corporation Information
6.14.2 ROBOZE PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.14.3 ROBOZE PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.14.4 ROBOZE PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.14.5 ROBOZE Recent Developments/Updates
6.15 GEHR Kunststoffwerk
6.15.1 GEHR Kunststoffwerk Corporation Information
6.15.2 GEHR Kunststoffwerk PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.15.3 GEHR Kunststoffwerk PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.15.4 GEHR Kunststoffwerk PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.15.5 GEHR Kunststoffwerk Recent Developments/Updates
6.16 Fiberlogy
6.16.1 Fiberlogy Corporation Information
6.16.2 Fiberlogy PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.16.3 Fiberlogy PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.16.4 Fiberlogy PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.16.5 Fiberlogy Recent Developments/Updates
6.17 Hatchbox3d
6.17.1 Hatchbox3d Corporation Information
6.17.2 Hatchbox3d PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.17.3 Hatchbox3d PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.17.4 Hatchbox3d PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.17.5 Hatchbox3d Recent Developments/Updates
6.18 FILOALFA
6.18.1 FILOALFA Corporation Information
6.18.2 FILOALFA PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.18.3 FILOALFA PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.18.4 FILOALFA PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.18.5 FILOALFA Recent Developments/Updates
6.19 FormFutura
6.19.1 FormFutura Corporation Information
6.19.2 FormFutura PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.19.3 FormFutura PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.19.4 FormFutura PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.19.5 FormFutura Recent Developments/Updates
6.20 Volumic
6.20.1 Volumic Corporation Information
6.20.2 Volumic PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.20.3 Volumic PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.20.4 Volumic PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.20.5 Volumic Recent Developments/Updates
6.21 eMotionTech
6.21.1 eMotionTech Corporation Information
6.21.2 eMotionTech PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.21.3 eMotionTech PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.21.4 eMotionTech PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.21.5 eMotionTech Recent Developments/Updates
6.22 3D platform
6.22.1 3D platform Corporation Information
6.22.2 3D platform PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.22.3 3D platform PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.22.4 3D platform PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.22.5 3D platform Recent Developments/Updates
6.23 Dagoma 3D
6.23.1 Dagoma 3D Corporation Information
6.23.2 Dagoma 3D PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.23.3 Dagoma 3D PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.23.4 Dagoma 3D PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.23.5 Dagoma 3D Recent Developments/Updates
6.24 AzureFilm d.o.o.
6.24.1 AzureFilm d.o.o. Corporation Information
6.24.2 AzureFilm d.o.o. PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.24.3 AzureFilm d.o.o. PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.24.4 AzureFilm d.o.o. PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.24.5 AzureFilm d.o.o. Recent Developments/Updates
6.25 Dedibot
6.25.1 Dedibot Corporation Information
6.25.2 Dedibot PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.25.3 Dedibot PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.25.4 Dedibot PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.25.5 Dedibot Recent Developments/Updates
6.26 Builder 3D Printers
6.26.1 Builder 3D Printers Corporation Information
6.26.2 Builder 3D Printers PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.26.3 Builder 3D Printers PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.26.4 Builder 3D Printers PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.26.5 Builder 3D Printers Recent Developments/Updates
6.27 ColorFabb
6.27.1 ColorFabb Corporation Information
6.27.2 ColorFabb PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.27.3 ColorFabb PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.27.4 ColorFabb PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.27.5 ColorFabb Recent Developments/Updates
6.28 Flashforge
6.28.1 Flashforge Corporation Information
6.28.2 Flashforge PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.28.3 Flashforge PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.28.4 Flashforge PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.28.5 Flashforge Recent Developments/Updates
6.29 Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd.
6.29.1 Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd. Corporation Information
6.29.2 Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd. PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.29.3 Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd. PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.29.4 Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd. PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.29.5 Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
6.30 Polymaker
6.30.1 Polymaker Corporation Information
6.30.2 Polymaker PLA 3D Printing Filament Description and Business Overview
6.30.3 Polymaker PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
6.30.4 Polymaker PLA 3D Printing Filament Product Portfolio
6.30.5 Polymaker Recent Developments/Updates
7 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
7.1 PLA 3D Printing Filament Industry Chain Analysis
7.2 PLA 3D Printing Filament Key Raw Materials
7.2.1 Key Raw Materials
7.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
7.3 PLA 3D Printing Filament Production Mode & Process
7.4 PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales and Marketing
7.4.1 PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Channels
7.4.2 PLA 3D Printing Filament Distributors
7.5 PLA 3D Printing Filament Customers
8 PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Dynamics
8.1 PLA 3D Printing Filament Industry Trends
8.2 PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Drivers
8.3 PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Challenges
8.4 PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Restraints
9 Research Finding and Conclusion
10 Methodology and Data Source
10.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.1 Research Programs/Design
10.1.2 Market Size Estimation
10.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
10.2 Data Source
10.2.1 Secondary Sources
10.2.2 Primary Sources
10.3 Author List
10.4 Disclaimer

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Value Comparison by Type (2023-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Value Comparison by Application (2023-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Competitive Situation by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons) of Key Manufacturers (2018-2023)
Table 5. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
Table 6. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
Table 7. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023)
Table 8. Global Market PLA 3D Printing Filament Average Price (US$/Ton) of Key Manufacturers (2018-2023)
Table 9. Global Key Players of PLA 3D Printing Filament, Industry Ranking, 2021 VS 2023 VS 2023
Table 10. Global Key Manufacturers of PLA 3D Printing Filament, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of PLA 3D Printing Filament, Product Type & Application
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of PLA 3D Printing Filament, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 13. Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in PLA 3D Printing Filament as of 2023)
Table 15. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 17. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Region (2018-2023) & (Tons)
Table 18. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 19. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Region (2024-2033) & (Tons)
Table 20. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 21. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 22. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 23. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 24. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 25. North America PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033 (US$ Million)
Table 26. North America PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2018-2023) & (Tons)
Table 27. North America PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2024-2033) & (Tons)
Table 28. North America PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. North America PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Europe PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033 (US$ Million)
Table 31. Europe PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2018-2023) & (Tons)
Table 32. Europe PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2024-2033) & (Tons)
Table 33. Europe PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Europe PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Asia Pacific PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Region: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033 (US$ Million)
Table 36. Asia Pacific PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Region (2018-2023) & (Tons)
Table 37. Asia Pacific PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Region (2024-2033) & (Tons)
Table 38. Asia Pacific PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Asia Pacific PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Latin America PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033 (US$ Million)
Table 41. Latin America PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2018-2023) & (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2024-2033) & (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Latin America PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Middle East & Africa PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Middle East & Africa PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2018-2023) & (Tons)
Table 47. Middle East & Africa PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales by Country (2024-2033) & (Tons)
Table 48. Middle East & Africa PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 49. Middle East & Africa PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 50. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons) by Type (2018-2023)
Table 51. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons) by Type (2024-2033)
Table 52. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 53. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Type (2024-2033)
Table 54. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2018-2023)
Table 55. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2024-2033)
Table 56. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 57. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2033)
Table 58. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2018-2023)
Table 59. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2024-2033)
Table 60. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons) by Application (2018-2023)
Table 61. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons) by Application (2024-2033)
Table 62. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 63. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Application (2024-2033)
Table 64. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2018-2023)
Table 65. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2024-2033)
Table 66. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 67. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2033)
Table 68. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2018-2023)
Table 69. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2024-2033)
Table 70. BASF - Forward-AM Corporation Information
Table 71. BASF - Forward-AM Description and Business Overview
Table 72. BASF - Forward-AM PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 73. BASF - Forward-AM PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 74. BASF - Forward-AM Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. DFRobot Corporation Information
Table 76. DFRobot Description and Business Overview
Table 77. DFRobot PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 78. DFRobot PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 79. DFRobot Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Dremel Corporation Information
Table 81. Dremel Description and Business Overview
Table 82. Dremel PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 83. Dremel PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 84. Dremel Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. eSUN Corporation Information
Table 86. eSUN Description and Business Overview
Table 87. eSUN PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 88. eSUN PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 89. eSUN Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Fabru GmbH Corporation Information
Table 91. Fabru GmbH Description and Business Overview
Table 92. Fabru GmbH PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 93. Fabru GmbH PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 94. Fabru GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Jabil Inc. Corporation Information
Table 96. Jabil Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table 97. Jabil Inc. PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 98. Jabil Inc. PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 99. Jabil Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. LulzBot Corporation Information
Table 101. LulzBot Description and Business Overview
Table 102. LulzBot PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 103. LulzBot PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 104. LulzBot Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. MG Chemicals Corporation Information
Table 106. MG Chemicals Description and Business Overview
Table 107. MG Chemicals PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 108. MG Chemicals PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 109. MG Chemicals Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. TreedFilaments Corporation Information
Table 111. TreedFilaments Description and Business Overview
Table 112. TreedFilaments PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 113. TreedFilaments PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 114. TreedFilaments Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. 3DXtech Corporation Information
Table 116. 3DXtech Description and Business Overview
Table 117. 3DXtech PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 118. 3DXtech PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 119. 3DXtech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Tiertime Corporation Corporation Information
Table 121. Tiertime Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table 122. Tiertime Corporation PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 123. Tiertime Corporation PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 124. Tiertime Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Raise3D Corporation Information
Table 126. Raise3D Description and Business Overview
Table 127. Raise3D PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 128. Raise3D PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 129. Raise3D Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Ultimaker Corporation Information
Table 131. Ultimaker Description and Business Overview
Table 132. Ultimaker PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 133. Ultimaker PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 134. Ultimaker Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. ROBOZE Corporation Information
Table 136. ROBOZE Description and Business Overview
Table 137. ROBOZE PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 138. ROBOZE PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 139. ROBOZE Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. GEHR Kunststoffwerk Corporation Information
Table 141. GEHR Kunststoffwerk Description and Business Overview
Table 142. GEHR Kunststoffwerk PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 143. GEHR Kunststoffwerk PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 144. GEHR Kunststoffwerk Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Fiberlogy Corporation Information
Table 146. Fiberlogy Description and Business Overview
Table 147. Fiberlogy PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 148. Fiberlogy PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 149. Fiberlogy Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Hatchbox3d Corporation Information
Table 151. Hatchbox3d Description and Business Overview
Table 152. Hatchbox3d PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 153. Hatchbox3d PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 154. Hatchbox3d Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. FILOALFA Corporation Information
Table 156. FILOALFA Description and Business Overview
Table 157. FILOALFA PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 158. FILOALFA PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 159. FILOALFA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. FormFutura Corporation Information
Table 161. FormFutura Description and Business Overview
Table 162. FormFutura PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 163. FormFutura PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 164. FormFutura Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Volumic Corporation Information
Table 166. Volumic Description and Business Overview
Table 167. Volumic PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 168. Volumic PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 169. Volumic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. eMotionTech Corporation Information
Table 171. eMotionTech Description and Business Overview
Table 172. eMotionTech PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 173. eMotionTech PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 174. eMotionTech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. 3D platform Corporation Information
Table 176. 3D platform Description and Business Overview
Table 177. 3D platform PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 178. 3D platform PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 179. 3D platform Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. Dagoma 3D Corporation Information
Table 181. Dagoma 3D Description and Business Overview
Table 182. Dagoma 3D PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 183. Dagoma 3D PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 184. Dagoma 3D Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. AzureFilm d.o.o. Corporation Information
Table 186. AzureFilm d.o.o. Description and Business Overview
Table 187. AzureFilm d.o.o. PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 188. AzureFilm d.o.o. PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 189. AzureFilm d.o.o. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. Dedibot Corporation Information
Table 191. Dedibot Description and Business Overview
Table 192. Dedibot PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 193. Dedibot PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 194. Dedibot Recent Developments/Updates
Table 195. Builder 3D Printers Corporation Information
Table 196. Builder 3D Printers Description and Business Overview
Table 197. Builder 3D Printers PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 198. Builder 3D Printers PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 199. Builder 3D Printers Recent Developments/Updates
Table 200. ColorFabb Corporation Information
Table 201. ColorFabb Description and Business Overview
Table 202. ColorFabb PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 203. ColorFabb PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 204. ColorFabb Recent Developments/Updates
Table 205. Flashforge Corporation Information
Table 206. Flashforge Description and Business Overview
Table 207. Flashforge PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 208. Flashforge PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 209. Flashforge Recent Developments/Updates
Table 210. Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd. Corporation Information
Table 211. Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd. Description and Business Overview
Table 212. Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd. PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 213. Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd. PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 214. Shenzhen Hello 3D Technology Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 215. Polymaker Corporation Information
Table 216. Polymaker Description and Business Overview
Table 217. Polymaker PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Table 218. Polymaker PLA 3D Printing Filament Product
Table 219. Polymaker Recent Developments/Updates
Table 220. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 221. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 222. PLA 3D Printing Filament Distributors List
Table 223. PLA 3D Printing Filament Customers List
Table 224. PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Trends
Table 225. PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Drivers
Table 226. PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Challenges
Table 227. PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Restraints
Table 228. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 229. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 230. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of PLA 3D Printing Filament
Figure 2. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Value Comparison by Type (2023-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Share by Type in 2023 & 2033
Figure 4. Standard Color Product Picture
Figure 5. Transparent Product Picture
Figure 6. Fluorescence Product Picture
Figure 7. Luminous Product Picture
Figure 8. Photochromic Product Picture
Figure 9. Thermochromism Product Picture
Figure 10. Matte Product Picture
Figure 11. Other Product Picture
Figure 12. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Value Comparison by Application (2023-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Share by Application in 2023 & 2033
Figure 14. Educational Model
Figure 15. Artwork
Figure 16. Industrial Model
Figure 17. Medical
Figure 18. Other
Figure 19. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue, (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Figure 20. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales (2018-2033) & (Tons)
Figure 22. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2018-2033)
Figure 23. PLA 3D Printing Filament Report Years Considered
Figure 24. PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 25. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 26. The Global 5 and 10 Largest PLA 3D Printing Filament Players: Market Share by Revenue in 2023
Figure 27. PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2023
Figure 28. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Figure 29. North America PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 30. North America PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 31. United States PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Canada PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Europe PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 34. Europe PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 35. Germany PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. France PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. U.K. PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Italy PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Russia PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Asia Pacific PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Region (2018-2033)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Region (2018-2033)
Figure 42. China PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Japan PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. South Korea PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. India PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Australia PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. China Taiwan PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Latin America PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 50. Latin America PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 51. Mexico PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Brazil PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Argentina PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. Middle East & Africa PLA 3D Printing Filament Sales Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 55. Middle East & Africa PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 56. Turkey PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. Saudi Arabia PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. UAE PLA 3D Printing Filament Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Global Sales Market Share of PLA 3D Printing Filament by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 60. Global Revenue Market Share of PLA 3D Printing Filament by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 61. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 62. Global Sales Market Share of PLA 3D Printing Filament by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 63. Global Revenue Market Share of PLA 3D Printing Filament by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 64. Global PLA 3D Printing Filament Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 65. PLA 3D Printing Filament Value Chain
Figure 66. PLA 3D Printing Filament Production Process
Figure 67. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 68. Distributors Profiles
Figure 69. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 70. Data Triangulation
Figure 71. Key Executives Interviewed