img

Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application


Published on: 2024-01-04 | No of Pages : 400 | Industry : Latest Trends

Publisher : MRA | Format : PDF

Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application

Coffee Grounds Reuse report published by MRA Research reveals that COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War impacted the market dually in 2023. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse market is projected to reach US$ million in 2033, increasing from US$ million in 2023, with the CAGR of % during the period of 2023 to 2033. Demand from Fuel and Clothing are the major drivers for the industry.
North America, Europe and Asia Pacific are the key regions for Coffee Grounds Reuse industry. Among those areas, stimulated by rigid demand from downstream industries, Asia Pacific is estimated to experience fast growth, with the CAGR of % during 2023 to 2033.
Globally, Coffee Grounds Reuse key companies include Starbucks Corporation, Covestro AG, Kaffeeform, Singtex and Starway, etc. Starbucks Corporation, Covestro AG, Kaffeeform are top 3 players and held % share in total in 2023.
Coffee Grounds Reuse can be divided into Wet Coffee Grounds and Dried Coffee Grounds, etc. Wet Coffee Grounds is the mainstream product in the market, accounting for % share globally in 2023.
Coffee Grounds Reuse is widely used in various fields, such as Fuel, Clothing, Furniture and Others, etc. Fuel provides greatest supports to the Coffee Grounds Reuse industry development. In 2023, global % share of Coffee Grounds Reuse went into Fuel filed.
Report Scope
This report, based on historical analysis (2018-2023) and forecast calculation (2023-2033), aims to help readers to get a comprehensive understanding of global Coffee Grounds Reuse market with multiple angles, which provides sufficient supports to readers’ strategy and decision making.
Companies, Type, Application and Regions Listed in the Report



By Company


Starbucks Corporation
Covestro AG
Kaffeeform
Singtex
Starway
Segment by Type
Wet Coffee Grounds
Dried Coffee Grounds

Segment by Application


Fuel
Clothing
Furniture
Others
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries

Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia

Latin America
Mexico
Brazil

Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Each chapter of the report provides detailed information for readers to understand the Coffee Grounds Reuse market further
Chapter 1Global and regional market size and CAGR for the history and forecast period (2018-2023, 2024-2033).
Chapter 2Product Types and Revenue analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 3Product Application and Revenue analysis of Each Application in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 4Company Competition Status, Detailed analysis of Product Name companies’ competitive landscape, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 5Companies’ Outline, covering company’s basic information, Coffee Grounds Reuse introduction, etc. Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue and Gross Margin of each company as well as Recent Development are also contained in this part.
Chapter 6 to 10Country Level analysis of North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa by revenue.
Chapter 11Market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by companies in the industry.
Chapter 12MRA Research’s Conclusions of Coffee Grounds Reuse market based on comprehensive survey.
Chapter 13Methodology and Data Sources adopted by MRA Research.

Table of Content

1 Market Overview of Coffee Grounds Reuse
1.1 Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Overview
1.1.1 Coffee Grounds Reuse Product Scope
1.1.2 Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Status and Outlook
1.2 Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Overview by Region 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
1.3 Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
1.4 Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023)
1.5 Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Forecast by Region (2024-2033)
1.6 Key Regions, Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.1 North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.2 Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.4 Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033)
2 Coffee Grounds Reuse Market by Type
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Wet Coffee Grounds
2.1.2 Dried Coffee Grounds
2.2 Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Type: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
2.2.1 Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
2.2.2 Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033)
2.3 Key Regions Market Size by Type
2.3.1 North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.2 Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.3 Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.4 Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.5 Middle East and Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
3 Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Overview by Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Fuel
3.1.2 Clothing
3.1.3 Furniture
3.1.4 Others
3.2 Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Application: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
3.2.1 Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033)
3.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
3.3.1 North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.2 Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.3 Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.4 Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.5 Middle East and Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
4 Coffee Grounds Reuse Competition Analysis by Players
4.1 Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Players (2018-2023)
4.2 Global Top Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Coffee Grounds Reuse as of 2023)
4.3 Date of Key Players Enter into Coffee Grounds Reuse Market
4.4 Global Top Players Coffee Grounds Reuse Headquarters and Area Served
4.5 Key Players Coffee Grounds Reuse Product Solution and Service
4.6 Competitive Status
4.6.1 Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Concentration Rate
4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Company (Top Players) Profiles
5.1 Starbucks Corporation
5.1.1 Starbucks Corporation Profile
5.1.2 Starbucks Corporation Main Business
5.1.3 Starbucks Corporation Coffee Grounds Reuse Products, Services and Solutions
5.1.4 Starbucks Corporation Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.1.5 Starbucks Corporation Recent Developments
5.2 Covestro AG
5.2.1 Covestro AG Profile
5.2.2 Covestro AG Main Business
5.2.3 Covestro AG Coffee Grounds Reuse Products, Services and Solutions
5.2.4 Covestro AG Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.2.5 Covestro AG Recent Developments
5.3 Kaffeeform
5.3.1 Kaffeeform Profile
5.3.2 Kaffeeform Main Business
5.3.3 Kaffeeform Coffee Grounds Reuse Products, Services and Solutions
5.3.4 Kaffeeform Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.3.5 Singtex Recent Developments
5.4 Singtex
5.4.1 Singtex Profile
5.4.2 Singtex Main Business
5.4.3 Singtex Coffee Grounds Reuse Products, Services and Solutions
5.4.4 Singtex Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.4.5 Singtex Recent Developments
5.5 Starway
5.5.1 Starway Profile
5.5.2 Starway Main Business
5.5.3 Starway Coffee Grounds Reuse Products, Services and Solutions
5.5.4 Starway Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.5.5 Starway Recent Developments
6 North America
6.1 North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
6.2 United States
6.3 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 U.K.
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Nordic Countries
7.8 Rest of Europe
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 South Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australia
8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
9.2 Mexico
9.3 Brazil
9.4 Rest of Latin America
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
10.2 Turkey
10.3 Saudi Arabia
10.4 UAE
10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Dynamics
11.1 Coffee Grounds Reuse Industry Trends
11.2 Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Drivers
11.3 Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Challenges
11.4 Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Restraints
12 Research Finding /Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Market Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (US$ Million) Comparison by Region 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 2. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 4. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 6. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (US$ Million) by Type: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 7. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 9. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2033)
Table 11. North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Middle East and Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Middle East and Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (US$ Million) by Application: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 22. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 24. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2033)
Table 26. North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue (US$ Million) by Players (2018-2023)
Table 37. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
Table 38. Global Top Players Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Coffee Grounds Reuse as of 2023)
Table 39. Date of Key Players Enter into Coffee Grounds Reuse Market
Table 40. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 41. Coffee Grounds Reuse Product Solution and Service
Table 42. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 43. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 44. Starbucks Corporation Basic Information List
Table 45. Starbucks Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table 46. Starbucks Corporation Coffee Grounds Reuse Products, Services and Solutions
Table 47. Revenue (US$ Million) in Coffee Grounds Reuse Business of Starbucks Corporation (2018-2023)
Table 48. Starbucks Corporation Recent Developments
Table 49. Covestro AG Basic Information List
Table 50. Covestro AG Description and Business Overview
Table 51. Covestro AG Coffee Grounds Reuse Products, Services and Solutions
Table 52. Revenue (US$ Million) in Coffee Grounds Reuse Business of Covestro AG (2018-2023)
Table 53. Covestro AG Recent Developments
Table 54. Kaffeeform Basic Information List
Table 55. Kaffeeform Description and Business Overview
Table 56. Kaffeeform Coffee Grounds Reuse Products, Services and Solutions
Table 57. Revenue (US$ Million) in Coffee Grounds Reuse Business of Kaffeeform (2018-2023)
Table 58. Kaffeeform Recent Developments
Table 59. Singtex Basic Information List
Table 60. Singtex Description and Business Overview
Table 61. Singtex Coffee Grounds Reuse Products, Services and Solutions
Table 62. Revenue (US$ Million) in Coffee Grounds Reuse Business of Singtex (2018-2023)
Table 63. Singtex Recent Developments
Table 64. Starway Basic Information List
Table 65. Starway Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Starway Coffee Grounds Reuse Products, Services and Solutions
Table 67. Revenue (US$ Million) in Coffee Grounds Reuse Business of Starway (2018-2023)
Table 68. Starway Recent Developments
Table 69. North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 70. North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 71. Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 72. Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 73. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 74. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 75. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 76. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 77. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 78. Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 79. Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 80. Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 81. Middle East & Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 82. Middle East & Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 83. Middle East & Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 84. Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Trends
Table 85. Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Drivers
Table 86. Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Challenges
Table 87. Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Restraints
Table 88. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 89. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 90. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Year-over-Year 2018-2033 & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Figure 3. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Share by Regions: 2023 VS 2033
Figure 4. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Figure 5. North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Product Picture of Wet Coffee Grounds
Figure 11. Global Wet Coffee Grounds Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 12. Product Picture of Dried Coffee Grounds
Figure 13. Global Dried Coffee Grounds Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 14. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Share by Type: 2023 & 2033
Figure 15. North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 16. Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 17. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 18. Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 19. Middle East and Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 20. Fuel Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 21. Clothing Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 22. Furniture Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 23. Others Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 24. Global Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size Share by Application: 2023 & 2033
Figure 25. North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 26. Europe Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 27. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 28. Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 29. Middle East and Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 30. Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2023
Figure 31. Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Share in 2023
Figure 32. North America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 33. United States Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Canada Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Germany Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. France Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. U.K. Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Italy Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Russia Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Nordic Countries Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Asia-Pacific Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Share by Region (2018-2033)
Figure 42. China Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Japan Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. South Korea Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Southeast Asia Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. India Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Australia Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Latin America Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 49. Mexico Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Brazil Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Middle East & Africa Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 52. Turkey Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Saudi Arabia Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. UAE Coffee Grounds Reuse Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report