Table of Content

1 Market Overview of Pet Sitting Services
1.1 Pet Sitting Services Market Overview
1.1.1 Pet Sitting Services Product Scope
1.1.2 Pet Sitting Services Market Status and Outlook
1.2 Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size Overview by Region 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
1.3 Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
1.4 Global Pet Sitting Services Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023)
1.5 Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size Forecast by Region (2024-2033)
1.6 Key Regions, Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.1 North America Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.2 Europe Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.4 Latin America Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033)
2 Pet Sitting Services Market by Type
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Mammal Pets
2.1.2 Fish Pets
2.1.3 Reptile Pets
2.1.4 Bird Pets
2.1.5 Insect Pets
2.2 Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Type: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
2.2.1 Global Pet Sitting Services Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
2.2.2 Global Pet Sitting Services Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033)
2.3 Key Regions Market Size by Type
2.3.1 North America Pet Sitting Services Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.2 Europe Pet Sitting Services Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.3 Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.4 Latin America Pet Sitting Services Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.5 Middle East and Africa Pet Sitting Services Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
3 Pet Sitting Services Market Overview by Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Business Trip
3.1.2 Travel
3.2 Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Application: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
3.2.1 Global Pet Sitting Services Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Pet Sitting Services Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033)
3.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
3.3.1 North America Pet Sitting Services Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.2 Europe Pet Sitting Services Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.3 Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.4 Latin America Pet Sitting Services Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.5 Middle East and Africa Pet Sitting Services Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
4 Pet Sitting Services Competition Analysis by Players
4.1 Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Players (2018-2023)
4.2 Global Top Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Pet Sitting Services as of 2023)
4.3 Date of Key Players Enter into Pet Sitting Services Market
4.4 Global Top Players Pet Sitting Services Headquarters and Area Served
4.5 Key Players Pet Sitting Services Product Solution and Service
4.6 Competitive Status
4.6.1 Pet Sitting Services Market Concentration Rate
4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Company (Top Players) Profiles
5.1 TrustedHousesitters
5.1.1 TrustedHousesitters Profile
5.1.2 TrustedHousesitters Main Business
5.1.3 TrustedHousesitters Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.1.4 TrustedHousesitters Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.1.5 TrustedHousesitters Recent Developments
5.2 PT's Pet Sitting
5.2.1 PT's Pet Sitting Profile
5.2.2 PT's Pet Sitting Main Business
5.2.3 PT's Pet Sitting Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.2.4 PT's Pet Sitting Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.2.5 PT's Pet Sitting Recent Developments
5.3 TLC House and Pet Sitting Services
5.3.1 TLC House and Pet Sitting Services Profile
5.3.2 TLC House and Pet Sitting Services Main Business
5.3.3 TLC House and Pet Sitting Services Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.3.4 TLC House and Pet Sitting Services Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.3.5 Fetch Recent Developments
5.4 Fetch
5.4.1 Fetch Profile
5.4.2 Fetch Main Business
5.4.3 Fetch Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.4.4 Fetch Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.4.5 Fetch Recent Developments
5.5 Rover
5.5.1 Rover Profile
5.5.2 Rover Main Business
5.5.3 Rover Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.5.4 Rover Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.5.5 Rover Recent Developments
5.6 PetSitter
5.6.1 PetSitter Profile
5.6.2 PetSitter Main Business
5.6.3 PetSitter Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.6.4 PetSitter Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.6.5 PetSitter Recent Developments
5.7 Petcloud
5.7.1 Petcloud Profile
5.7.2 Petcloud Main Business
5.7.3 Petcloud Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.7.4 Petcloud Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.7.5 Petcloud Recent Developments
5.8 Paws
5.8.1 Paws Profile
5.8.2 Paws Main Business
5.8.3 Paws Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.8.4 Paws Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.8.5 Paws Recent Developments
5.9 Mad Paws
5.9.1 Mad Paws Profile
5.9.2 Mad Paws Main Business
5.9.3 Mad Paws Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.9.4 Mad Paws Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.9.5 Mad Paws Recent Developments
5.10 Happy Tails Pet Sitting
5.10.1 Happy Tails Pet Sitting Profile
5.10.2 Happy Tails Pet Sitting Main Business
5.10.3 Happy Tails Pet Sitting Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.10.4 Happy Tails Pet Sitting Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.10.5 Happy Tails Pet Sitting Recent Developments
5.11 PetBacker
5.11.1 PetBacker Profile
5.11.2 PetBacker Main Business
5.11.3 PetBacker Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.11.4 PetBacker Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.11.5 PetBacker Recent Developments
5.12 SpareLeash
5.12.1 SpareLeash Profile
5.12.2 SpareLeash Main Business
5.12.3 SpareLeash Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.12.4 SpareLeash Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.12.5 SpareLeash Recent Developments
6 North America
6.1 North America Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
6.2 U.S.
6.3 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 U.K.
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Nordic Countries
7.8 Rest of Europe
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 South Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australia
8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
9.2 Mexico
9.3 Brazil
9.4 Rest of Latin America
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
10.2 Turkey
10.3 Saudi Arabia
10.4 UAE
10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Pet Sitting Services Market Dynamics
11.1 Pet Sitting Services Industry Trends
11.2 Pet Sitting Services Market Drivers
11.3 Pet Sitting Services Market Challenges
11.4 Pet Sitting Services Market Restraints
12 Research Finding /Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Market Pet Sitting Services Market Size (US$ Million) Comparison by Region 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 2. Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 4. Global Pet Sitting Services Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Pet Sitting Services Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 6. Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size (US$ Million) by Type: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 7. Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 9. Global Pet Sitting Services Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2033)
Table 11. North America Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. North America Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Europe Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Europe Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Latin America Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Latin America Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Middle East and Africa Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Middle East and Africa Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size (US$ Million) by Application: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 22. Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 24. Global Pet Sitting Services Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2033)
Table 26. North America Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Europe Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Europe Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Latin America Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Pet Sitting Services Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Pet Sitting Services Revenue (US$ Million) by Players (2018-2023)
Table 37. Global Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
Table 38. Global Top Players Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Pet Sitting Services as of 2023)
Table 39. Date of Key Players Enter into Pet Sitting Services Market
Table 40. Global Pet Sitting Services Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 41. Pet Sitting Services Product Solution and Service
Table 42. Global Pet Sitting Services Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 43. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 44. TrustedHousesitters Basic Information List
Table 45. TrustedHousesitters Description and Business Overview
Table 46. TrustedHousesitters Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 47. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of TrustedHousesitters (2018-2023)
Table 48. TrustedHousesitters Recent Developments
Table 49. PT's Pet Sitting Basic Information List
Table 50. PT's Pet Sitting Description and Business Overview
Table 51. PT's Pet Sitting Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 52. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of PT's Pet Sitting (2018-2023)
Table 53. PT's Pet Sitting Recent Developments
Table 54. TLC House and Pet Sitting Services Basic Information List
Table 55. TLC House and Pet Sitting Services Description and Business Overview
Table 56. TLC House and Pet Sitting Services Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 57. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of TLC House and Pet Sitting Services (2018-2023)
Table 58. TLC House and Pet Sitting Services Recent Developments
Table 59. Fetch Basic Information List
Table 60. Fetch Description and Business Overview
Table 61. Fetch Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 62. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of Fetch (2018-2023)
Table 63. Fetch Recent Developments
Table 64. Rover Basic Information List
Table 65. Rover Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Rover Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 67. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of Rover (2018-2023)
Table 68. Rover Recent Developments
Table 69. PetSitter Basic Information List
Table 70. PetSitter Description and Business Overview
Table 71. PetSitter Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 72. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of PetSitter (2018-2023)
Table 73. PetSitter Recent Developments
Table 74. Petcloud Basic Information List
Table 75. Petcloud Description and Business Overview
Table 76. Petcloud Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 77. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of Petcloud (2018-2023)
Table 78. Petcloud Recent Developments
Table 79. Paws Basic Information List
Table 80. Paws Description and Business Overview
Table 81. Paws Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 82. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of Paws (2018-2023)
Table 83. Paws Recent Developments
Table 84. Mad Paws Basic Information List
Table 85. Mad Paws Description and Business Overview
Table 86. Mad Paws Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 87. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of Mad Paws (2018-2023)
Table 88. Mad Paws Recent Developments
Table 89. Happy Tails Pet Sitting Basic Information List
Table 90. Happy Tails Pet Sitting Description and Business Overview
Table 91. Happy Tails Pet Sitting Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 92. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of Happy Tails Pet Sitting (2018-2023)
Table 93. Happy Tails Pet Sitting Recent Developments
Table 94. PetBacker Basic Information List
Table 95. PetBacker Description and Business Overview
Table 96. PetBacker Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 97. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of PetBacker (2018-2023)
Table 98. PetBacker Recent Developments
Table 99. SpareLeash Basic Information List
Table 100. SpareLeash Description and Business Overview
Table 101. SpareLeash Pet Sitting Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 102. Revenue (US$ Million) in Pet Sitting Services Business of SpareLeash (2018-2023)
Table 103. SpareLeash Recent Developments
Table 104. North America Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 105. North America Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 106. Europe Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 107. Europe Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 108. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 109. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 110. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 111. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 112. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Market Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 113. Latin America Pet Sitting Services Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 114. Latin America Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 115. Latin America Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 116. Middle East & Africa Pet Sitting Services Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 117. Middle East & Africa Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 118. Middle East & Africa Pet Sitting Services Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 119. Pet Sitting Services Market Trends
Table 120. Pet Sitting Services Market Drivers
Table 121. Pet Sitting Services Market Challenges
Table 122. Pet Sitting Services Market Restraints
Table 123. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 124. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 125. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size Year-over-Year 2018-2033 & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Figure 3. Global Pet Sitting Services Market Share by Regions: 2023 VS 2033
Figure 4. Global Pet Sitting Services Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Figure 5. North America Pet Sitting Services Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Europe Pet Sitting Services Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Latin America Pet Sitting Services Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa Pet Sitting Services Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Product Picture of Mammal Pets
Figure 11. Global Mammal Pets Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 12. Product Picture of Fish Pets
Figure 13. Global Fish Pets Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 14. Product Picture of Reptile Pets
Figure 15. Global Reptile Pets Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 16. Product Picture of Bird Pets
Figure 17. Global Bird Pets Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 18. Product Picture of Insect Pets
Figure 19. Global Insect Pets Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 20. Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size Share by Type: 2023 & 2033
Figure 21. North America Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 22. Europe Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 23. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 24. Latin America Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 25. Middle East and Africa Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 26. Business Trip Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 27. Travel Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 28. Global Pet Sitting Services Market Size Share by Application: 2023 & 2033
Figure 29. North America Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 30. Europe Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 31. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 32. Latin America Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 33. Middle East and Africa Pet Sitting Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 34. Pet Sitting Services Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2023
Figure 35. Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Pet Sitting Services Market Share in 2023
Figure 36. North America Pet Sitting Services Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 37. U.S. Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Canada Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Germany Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. France Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. U.K. Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Italy Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Russia Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Nordic Countries Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Asia-Pacific Pet Sitting Services Market Share by Region (2018-2033)
Figure 46. China Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Japan Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. South Korea Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Southeast Asia Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. India Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Australia Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Latin America Pet Sitting Services Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 53. Mexico Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. Brazil Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. Middle East & Africa Pet Sitting Services Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 56. Turkey Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. Saudi Arabia Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. UAE Pet Sitting Services Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report