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Global Offshore Wind Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application


Published on: 2024-01-04 | No of Pages : 400 | Industry : Latest Trends

Publisher : MRA | Format : PDF

Global Offshore Wind Market Report, History and Forecast 2018-2034, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application

Offshore wind power, also known as offshore wind energy, is linked to the construction of offshore wind power plants, usually located on the continental shelf, using wind power.
Offshore Wind report published by MRA Research reveals that COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War impacted the market dually in 2023. Global Offshore Wind market is projected to reach US$ 92990 million in 2033, increasing from US$ 40610 million in 2023, with the CAGR of 12.3% during the period of 2023 to 2033. Demand from Shallow Water and Transitional Water are the major drivers for the industry.
The market in Europe is currently the largest market for offshore wind, followed by Asia-Pacific and North America.
Report Scope
This report, based on historical analysis (2018-2023) and forecast calculation (2023-2033), aims to help readers to get a comprehensive understanding of global Offshore Wind market with multiple angles, which provides sufficient supports to readers’ strategy and decision making.
Companies, Type, Application and Regions Listed in the Report



By Company


Adwen
Ming Yang Smart Energy
Doosan Heavy Industries
General Electric
Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind
Senvion
Siemens
Sinovel Wind
ABB
Segment by Type
Turbine
Substructure
Electrical Infrastructure

Segment by Application


Shallow Water
Transitional Water
Deep Water
By Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries

Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia

Latin America
Mexico
Brazil

Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Each chapter of the report provides detailed information for readers to understand the Offshore Wind market further
Chapter 1Global and regional market size and CAGR for the history and forecast period (2018-2023, 2024-2033).
Chapter 2Product Types and Revenue analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 3Product Application and Revenue analysis of Each Application in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 4Company Competition Status, Detailed analysis of Product Name companies’ competitive landscape, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 5Companies’ Outline, covering company’s basic information, Offshore Wind introduction, etc. Offshore Wind Revenue and Gross Margin of each company as well as Recent Development are also contained in this part.
Chapter 6 to 10Country Level analysis of North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa by revenue.
Chapter 11Market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by companies in the industry.
Chapter 12MRA Research’s Conclusions of Offshore Wind market based on comprehensive survey.
Chapter 13Methodology and Data Sources adopted by MRA Research.

Table of Content

1 Market Overview of Offshore Wind
1.1 Offshore Wind Market Overview
1.1.1 Offshore Wind Product Scope
1.1.2 Offshore Wind Market Status and Outlook
1.2 Global Offshore Wind Market Size Overview by Region 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
1.3 Global Offshore Wind Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
1.4 Global Offshore Wind Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023)
1.5 Global Offshore Wind Market Size Forecast by Region (2024-2033)
1.6 Key Regions, Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.1 North America Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.2 Europe Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.4 Latin America Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033)
1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033)
2 Offshore Wind Market by Type
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Turbine
2.1.2 Substructure
2.1.3 Electrical Infrastructure
2.2 Global Offshore Wind Market Size by Type: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
2.2.1 Global Offshore Wind Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
2.2.2 Global Offshore Wind Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033)
2.3 Key Regions Market Size by Type
2.3.1 North America Offshore Wind Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.2 Europe Offshore Wind Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.3 Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.4 Latin America Offshore Wind Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
2.3.5 Middle East and Africa Offshore Wind Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2033)
3 Offshore Wind Market Overview by Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Shallow Water
3.1.2 Transitional Water
3.1.3 Deep Water
3.2 Global Offshore Wind Market Size by Application: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
3.2.1 Global Offshore Wind Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Offshore Wind Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033)
3.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
3.3.1 North America Offshore Wind Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.2 Europe Offshore Wind Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.3 Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.4 Latin America Offshore Wind Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
3.3.5 Middle East and Africa Offshore Wind Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2033)
4 Offshore Wind Competition Analysis by Players
4.1 Global Offshore Wind Market Size by Players (2018-2023)
4.2 Global Top Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Offshore Wind as of 2023)
4.3 Date of Key Players Enter into Offshore Wind Market
4.4 Global Top Players Offshore Wind Headquarters and Area Served
4.5 Key Players Offshore Wind Product Solution and Service
4.6 Competitive Status
4.6.1 Offshore Wind Market Concentration Rate
4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Company (Top Players) Profiles
5.1 Adwen
5.1.1 Adwen Profile
5.1.2 Adwen Main Business
5.1.3 Adwen Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
5.1.4 Adwen Offshore Wind Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.1.5 Adwen Recent Developments
5.2 Ming Yang Smart Energy
5.2.1 Ming Yang Smart Energy Profile
5.2.2 Ming Yang Smart Energy Main Business
5.2.3 Ming Yang Smart Energy Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
5.2.4 Ming Yang Smart Energy Offshore Wind Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.2.5 Ming Yang Smart Energy Recent Developments
5.3 Doosan Heavy Industries
5.3.1 Doosan Heavy Industries Profile
5.3.2 Doosan Heavy Industries Main Business
5.3.3 Doosan Heavy Industries Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
5.3.4 Doosan Heavy Industries Offshore Wind Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.3.5 General Electric Recent Developments
5.4 General Electric
5.4.1 General Electric Profile
5.4.2 General Electric Main Business
5.4.3 General Electric Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
5.4.4 General Electric Offshore Wind Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.4.5 General Electric Recent Developments
5.5 Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind
5.5.1 Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind Profile
5.5.2 Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind Main Business
5.5.3 Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
5.5.4 Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind Offshore Wind Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.5.5 Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind Recent Developments
5.6 Senvion
5.6.1 Senvion Profile
5.6.2 Senvion Main Business
5.6.3 Senvion Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
5.6.4 Senvion Offshore Wind Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.6.5 Senvion Recent Developments
5.7 Siemens
5.7.1 Siemens Profile
5.7.2 Siemens Main Business
5.7.3 Siemens Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
5.7.4 Siemens Offshore Wind Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.7.5 Siemens Recent Developments
5.8 Sinovel Wind
5.8.1 Sinovel Wind Profile
5.8.2 Sinovel Wind Main Business
5.8.3 Sinovel Wind Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
5.8.4 Sinovel Wind Offshore Wind Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.8.5 Sinovel Wind Recent Developments
5.9 ABB
5.9.1 ABB Profile
5.9.2 ABB Main Business
5.9.3 ABB Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
5.9.4 ABB Offshore Wind Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.9.5 ABB Recent Developments
6 North America
6.1 North America Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
6.2 U.S.
6.3 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 U.K.
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Nordic Countries
7.8 Rest of Europe
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Market Size by Region (2018-2033)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 South Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australia
8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
9.2 Mexico
9.3 Brazil
9.4 Rest of Latin America
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2018-2033)
10.2 Turkey
10.3 Saudi Arabia
10.4 UAE
10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Offshore Wind Market Dynamics
11.1 Offshore Wind Industry Trends
11.2 Offshore Wind Market Drivers
11.3 Offshore Wind Market Challenges
11.4 Offshore Wind Market Restraints
12 Research Finding /Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Market Offshore Wind Market Size (US$ Million) Comparison by Region 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 2. Global Offshore Wind Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Offshore Wind Market Size Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 4. Global Offshore Wind Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Offshore Wind Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 6. Global Offshore Wind Market Size (US$ Million) by Type: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 7. Global Offshore Wind Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 9. Global Offshore Wind Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2033)
Table 11. North America Offshore Wind Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. North America Offshore Wind Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Europe Offshore Wind Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Europe Offshore Wind Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Latin America Offshore Wind Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Latin America Offshore Wind Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Middle East and Africa Offshore Wind Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Middle East and Africa Offshore Wind Revenue by Type (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. Global Offshore Wind Market Size (US$ Million) by Application: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 22. Global Offshore Wind Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 24. Global Offshore Wind Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2033)
Table 26. North America Offshore Wind Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Offshore Wind Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Europe Offshore Wind Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Europe Offshore Wind Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Latin America Offshore Wind Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Offshore Wind Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Offshore Wind Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Offshore Wind Revenue by Application (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Offshore Wind Revenue (US$ Million) by Players (2018-2023)
Table 37. Global Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
Table 38. Global Top Players Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Offshore Wind as of 2023)
Table 39. Date of Key Players Enter into Offshore Wind Market
Table 40. Global Offshore Wind Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 41. Offshore Wind Product Solution and Service
Table 42. Global Offshore Wind Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 43. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 44. Adwen Basic Information List
Table 45. Adwen Description and Business Overview
Table 46. Adwen Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
Table 47. Revenue (US$ Million) in Offshore Wind Business of Adwen (2018-2023)
Table 48. Adwen Recent Developments
Table 49. Ming Yang Smart Energy Basic Information List
Table 50. Ming Yang Smart Energy Description and Business Overview
Table 51. Ming Yang Smart Energy Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
Table 52. Revenue (US$ Million) in Offshore Wind Business of Ming Yang Smart Energy (2018-2023)
Table 53. Ming Yang Smart Energy Recent Developments
Table 54. Doosan Heavy Industries Basic Information List
Table 55. Doosan Heavy Industries Description and Business Overview
Table 56. Doosan Heavy Industries Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
Table 57. Revenue (US$ Million) in Offshore Wind Business of Doosan Heavy Industries (2018-2023)
Table 58. Doosan Heavy Industries Recent Developments
Table 59. General Electric Basic Information List
Table 60. General Electric Description and Business Overview
Table 61. General Electric Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
Table 62. Revenue (US$ Million) in Offshore Wind Business of General Electric (2018-2023)
Table 63. General Electric Recent Developments
Table 64. Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind Basic Information List
Table 65. Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
Table 67. Revenue (US$ Million) in Offshore Wind Business of Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind (2018-2023)
Table 68. Mhi Vestas Offshore Wind Recent Developments
Table 69. Senvion Basic Information List
Table 70. Senvion Description and Business Overview
Table 71. Senvion Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
Table 72. Revenue (US$ Million) in Offshore Wind Business of Senvion (2018-2023)
Table 73. Senvion Recent Developments
Table 74. Siemens Basic Information List
Table 75. Siemens Description and Business Overview
Table 76. Siemens Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
Table 77. Revenue (US$ Million) in Offshore Wind Business of Siemens (2018-2023)
Table 78. Siemens Recent Developments
Table 79. Sinovel Wind Basic Information List
Table 80. Sinovel Wind Description and Business Overview
Table 81. Sinovel Wind Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
Table 82. Revenue (US$ Million) in Offshore Wind Business of Sinovel Wind (2018-2023)
Table 83. Sinovel Wind Recent Developments
Table 84. ABB Basic Information List
Table 85. ABB Description and Business Overview
Table 86. ABB Offshore Wind Products, Services and Solutions
Table 87. Revenue (US$ Million) in Offshore Wind Business of ABB (2018-2023)
Table 88. ABB Recent Developments
Table 89. North America Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. North America Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 91. Europe Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Europe Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 93. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 94. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 95. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Market Size by Region (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 96. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 97. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Market Share by Region (2024-2033)
Table 98. Latin America Offshore Wind Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 99. Latin America Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 100. Latin America Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 101. Middle East & Africa Offshore Wind Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Table 102. Middle East & Africa Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 103. Middle East & Africa Offshore Wind Market Size by Country (2024-2033) & (US$ Million)
Table 104. Offshore Wind Market Trends
Table 105. Offshore Wind Market Drivers
Table 106. Offshore Wind Market Challenges
Table 107. Offshore Wind Market Restraints
Table 108. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 109. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 110. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Offshore Wind Market Size Year-over-Year 2018-2033 & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Offshore Wind Market Size (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2023 VS 2033
Figure 3. Global Offshore Wind Market Share by Regions: 2023 VS 2033
Figure 4. Global Offshore Wind Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2033)
Figure 5. North America Offshore Wind Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Europe Offshore Wind Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Latin America Offshore Wind Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa Offshore Wind Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Product Picture of Turbine
Figure 11. Global Turbine Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 12. Product Picture of Substructure
Figure 13. Global Substructure Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 14. Product Picture of Electrical Infrastructure
Figure 15. Global Electrical Infrastructure Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 16. Global Offshore Wind Market Size Share by Type: 2023 & 2033
Figure 17. North America Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 18. Europe Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 19. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 20. Latin America Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 21. Middle East and Africa Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2033)
Figure 22. Shallow Water Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 23. Transitional Water Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 24. Deep Water Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2033)
Figure 25. Global Offshore Wind Market Size Share by Application: 2023 & 2033
Figure 26. North America Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 27. Europe Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 28. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 29. Latin America Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 30. Middle East and Africa Offshore Wind Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2033)
Figure 31. Offshore Wind Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2023
Figure 32. Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Offshore Wind Market Share in 2023
Figure 33. North America Offshore Wind Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 34. U.S. Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Canada Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Germany Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. France Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. U.K. Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Italy Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Russia Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Nordic Countries Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Asia-Pacific Offshore Wind Market Share by Region (2018-2033)
Figure 43. China Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Japan Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. South Korea Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Southeast Asia Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. India Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Australia Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Latin America Offshore Wind Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 50. Mexico Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Brazil Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Middle East & Africa Offshore Wind Market Share by Country (2018-2033)
Figure 53. Turkey Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. Saudi Arabia Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. UAE Offshore Wind Market Size (2018-2033) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report