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Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Opportunities and Forecast 2024-2034


Published on: 2024-01-04 | No of Pages : 450 | Industry : Automobile & Transportation

Publisher : GRD Survery | Format : PDF

Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Opportunities and Forecast 2024-2034

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of current global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems market based on segmented types and downstream applications. Major product development trends are discussed under major downstream segment scenario. This report also focuses on major driving factors and inhibitors that affect the market and competitive landscape. Global and regional leading players in the Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems industry are profiled in a detailed way, with sales data and market share info. This report also includes global and regional market size and forecast, drill-down to top 20 economies.

According to this survey, the global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems market is estimated at $ million in 2021, and projected to grow at a CAGR of % to $ million by 2028.

Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the supply and demand status for many industries along the supply chain. Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Opportunties and Forecast 2022-2028 report makes a brilliant attempt to unveil key opportunities available in the global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems market under the covid-19 impact to help readers in achieving a better market position. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provide useful data and information.

The Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market has been exhibited in detail in the following chapters
Chapter 1 displays the basic product introduction and market overview.
Chapter 2 provides the competition landscape of global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems industry.
Chapter 3 provides the market analysis by type and by region
Chapter 4 provides the market analysis by application and by region
Chapter 5-10 presents regional and country market size and forecast, under the context of market drivers and inhibitors analysis.
Chapter 11 analyses the supply chain, including process chart introduction, upstream key raw material and cost analysis, distributor and downstream buyer analysis.
Chapter 12 provides the market forecast by type and by application
Chapter 13 provides the market forecast by region
Chapter 14 profiles global leading players with their revenue, market share, profit margin, major product portfolio and SWOT analysis.
Chapter 15 conclusions


Segmented by Type
Pneumatic EGR Valve
Electric EGR Valve

Segmented by Application
Light-Duty Vehicles of EGR
Heavy-Duty Engines of EGR
Non-road Engines of EGR
Marine Engines

Segmented by Country
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Spain
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australasia
Central & South America
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Middle East & Africa
Iran
Israel
Turkey
South Africa
Saudi Arabia

Key manufacturers included in this survey
Meet
Mahle
LongSheng Tech
KSPG
Klubert + Schmidt
Jiulong Machinery
Gits Manufacturing
Delphi
Continental
BorgWarner
BARI
Baote Precise Motor


Table of Content

Table of Contents

1 Product Introduction and Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Product Specification
1.3 Global Market Overview
1.3.1 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status and Forecast (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value CAGR by Region
1.4 Market Drivers, Inhibitors
1.4.1 Market Drivers
1.4.2 Market Inhibitors
1.4.3 COVID-19 Impact Analysis
2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Supply by Company
2.1 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Company
2.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Company
2.3 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Price by Company
2.4 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Production Location and Sales Area of Main Manufacturers
2.5 Trend of Concentration Rate
3 Global and Regional Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status by Type
3.1 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Type Introduction
3.1.1 Pneumatic EGR Valve
3.1.2 Electric EGR Valve
3.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market by Type
3.2.1 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Type (2016-2021)
3.2.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Type (2016-2021)
3.2.3 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Price by Type (2016-2021)
3.3 North America: by Type
3.4 Europe: by Type
3.5 Asia Pacific: by Type
3.6 Central & South America: by Type
3.7 Middle East & Africa: by Type
4 Global and Regional Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status by Application
4.1 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Segment by Application
4.1.1 Light-Duty Vehicles of EGR
4.1.2 Heavy-Duty Engines of EGR
4.1.3 Non-road Engines of EGR
4.1.4 Marine Engines
4.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market by Application
4.2.1 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Application (2016-2021)
4.2.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Application (2016-2021)
4.2.3 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Price by Application (2016-2021)
4.3 North America: by Application
4.4 Europe: by Application
4.5 Asia Pacific: by Application
4.6 Central & South America: by Application
4.7 Middle East & Africa: by Application
5 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status by Region
5.1 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market by Region
5.1.1 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Region
5.1.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Region
5.2 North America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status
5.3 Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status
5.4 Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status
5.5 Central & South America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status
5.6 Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status
6 North America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status
6.1 North America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market by Country
6.1.1 North America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Country (2016-2021)
6.1.2 North America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Country (2016-2021)
6.2 United States
6.3 Canada
6.4 Mexico
7 Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status
7.1 Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market by Country
7.1.1 Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Country (2016-2021)
7.1.2 Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Country (2016-2021)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 UK
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Spain
8 Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status
8.1 Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market by Country
8.1.1 Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Country (2016-2021)
8.1.2 Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Country (2016-2021)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australasia
9 Central & South America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status
9.1 Central & South America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market by Country
9.1.1 Central & South America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Country (2016-2021)
9.1.2 Central & South America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Country (2016-2021)
9.2 Brazil
9.3 Argentina
9.4 Colombia
10 Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Status
10.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market by Country
10.1.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Country (2016-2021)
10.1.2 Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Country (2016-2021)
10.2 Iran
10.3 Israel
10.4 Turkey
10.5 South Africa
10.8 Saudi Arabia
11 Supply Chain and Manufacturing Cost Analysis
11.1 Supply Chain Analysis
11.2 Production Process Chart Analysis
11.3 Raw Materials and Key Suppliers Analysis
11.3.1 Raw Materials Introduction
11.3.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers List
11.4 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Manufacturing Cost Analysis
11.5 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Channel and Distributors Analysis
11.5.1 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Channel
11.5.2 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Distributors
11.6 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Downstream Major Buyers
12 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Forecast by Type and by Application
12.1 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume and Sales Value Forecast (2022-2027)
12.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Forecast by Type
12.2.1 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Forecast by Type
12.2.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value Forecast by Type
12.2.3 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Price Forecast by Type
12.3 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Forecast by Application
12.3.1 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Forecast by Application
12.3.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value Forecast by Application
12.3.3 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Price Forecast by Application
13 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Forecast by Region/Country
13.1 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Market Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
13.1.1 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
13.1.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
13.2 North America Market Forecast
13.3 Europe Market Forecast
13.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecast
13.5 Central & South America Market Forecast
13.6 Middle East & Africa Market Forecast
14 Key Participants Company Information
14.1 Wells
14.1.1 Company Information
14.1.2 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Product Introduction
14.1.3 Wells Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
14.1.4 SWOT Analysis
14.2 Tianruida
14.2.1 Company Information
14.2.2 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Product Introduction
14.2.3 Tianruida Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
14.2.4 SWOT Analysis
14.3 Meet
14.3.1 Company Information
14.3.2 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Product Introduction
14.3.3 Meet Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
14.3.4 SWOT Analysis
14.4 Mahle
14.4.1 Company Information
14.4.2 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Product Introduction
14.4.3 Mahle Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
14.4.4 SWOT Analysis
14.5 LongSheng Tech
14.5.1 Company Information
14.5.2 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Product Introduction
14.5.3 LongSheng Tech Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
14.5.4 SWOT Analysis
14.6 KSPG
14.6.1 Company Information
14.6.2 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Product Introduction
14.6.3 KSPG Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
14.6.4 SWOT Analysis
14.7 Klubert + Schmidt
14.7.1 Company Information
14.7.2 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Product Introduction
14.7.3 Klubert + Schmidt Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
14.7.4 SWOT Analysis
14.8 Jiulong Machinery
14.8.1 Company Information
14.8.2 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Product Introduction
14.8.3 Jiulong Machinery Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
14.8.4 SWOT Analysis
14.9 Gits Manufacturing
14.9.1 Company Information
14.9.2 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Product Introduction
14.9.3 Gits Manufacturing Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
14.9.4 SWOT Analysis
14.10 Delphi
14.10.1 Company Information
14.10.2 Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Product Introduction
14.10.3 Delphi Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
14.10.4 SWOT Analysis
14.11 Continental
14.12 BorgWarner
14.13 BARI
14.14 Baote Precise Motor
15 Conclusion
16 Methodology

List of Figure

List of Tables

Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value and CAGR by Region (2016-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Company (2019-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Company (2019-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Company (2019-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value and CAGR by Region (2016-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Price by Company (2019-2021)
Table Main Manufacturers Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Product Location and Sales Area
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Company (2019-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sals Value Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Price by Type (2016-2021)
Table North America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Type (2016-2021)
Table Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Type (2016-2021)
Table Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Type (2016-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table Central & South America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Type (2016-2021)
Table Central & South America Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Type (2016-2021)
Table Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Application (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Application (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Price by Application (2016-2021)
Table North America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Application (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Application (2016-2021)
Table Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Application (2016-2021)
Table Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Application (2016-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table Central & South America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Application (2016-2021)
Table Central & South America Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Application (2016-2021)
Table Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Region (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Region (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table North America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Country (2016-2021)
Table North America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Region/Country (2016-2021)
Table North America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Country (2016-2021)
Table Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Country (2016-2021)
Table Europe Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Country (2016-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Country (2016-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table Central & South America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Country (2016-2021)
Table Central & South America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table Central & South America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Country (2016-2021)
Table Central & South America Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume by Country (2016-2021)
Table Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Value by Country (2016-2021)
Table Middle East & Africa Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Raw Materials Key Suppliers List
Table Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Distributors List
Table Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Buyers List
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Price Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table Wells Company Information
Table Wells Product Introduction
Table Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Value Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table Tianruida Company Information
Table Tianruida Product Introduction
Table Tianruida Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
Table Meet Company Information
Table Meet Product Introduction
Table Meet Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
Table Mahle Company Information
Table Mahle Product Introduction
Table Mahle Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
Table LongSheng Tech Company Information
Table LongSheng Tech Product Introduction
Table LongSheng Tech Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
Table KSPG Company Information
Table KSPG Product Introduction
Table KSPG Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
Table Klubert + Schmidt Company Information
Table Klubert + Schmidt Product Introduction
Table Klubert + Schmidt Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
Table Jiulong Machinery Company Information
Table Jiulong Machinery Product Introduction
Table Jiulong Machinery Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
Table Gits Manufacturing Company Information
Table Gits Manufacturing Product Introduction
Table Gits Manufacturing Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
Table Delphi Company Information
Table Delphi Product Introduction
Table Delphi Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Sales Volume, Price, Sales Value and Gross Margin (2019-2021)