Table of Content

1 High Protein Cat Food Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of High Protein Cat Food
1.2 High Protein Cat Food Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
1.2.2 Wet Cat Food
1.2.3 Dry Cat Food
1.3 High Protein Cat Food Segment by Application
1.3.1 High Protein Cat Food Sales Comparison by Application: (2021-2027)
1.3.2 Supermarkets and Hypermarkets
1.3.3 Pet Specialty Stores
1.3.4 Convenience stores
1.3.5 Online
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Global High Protein Cat Food Market Size Estimates and Forecasts
1.4.1 Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue 2016-2027
1.4.2 Global High Protein Cat Food Sales 2016-2027
1.4.3 High Protein Cat Food Market Size by Region: 2016 Versus 2021 Versus 2027

2 High Protein Cat Food Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Global High Protein Cat Food Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.4 Manufacturers High Protein Cat Food Manufacturing Sites, Area Served, Product Type
2.5 High Protein Cat Food Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 High Protein Cat Food Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 The Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest High Protein Cat Food Players Market Share by Revenue
2.5.3 Global High Protein Cat Food Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

3 High Protein Cat Food Retrospective Market Scenario by Region
3.1 Global High Protein Cat Food Retrospective Market Scenario in Revenue by Region: 2016-2021
3.2 Global High Protein Cat Food Retrospective Market Scenario in Sales by Region: 2016-2021
3.3 North America High Protein Cat Food Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.3.1 North America High Protein Cat Food Sales by Country
3.3.2 North America High Protein Cat Food Revenue by Country
3.3.3 U.S.
3.3.4 Canada
3.4 Europe High Protein Cat Food Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.4.1 Europe High Protein Cat Food Sales by Country
3.4.2 Europe High Protein Cat Food Revenue by Country
3.4.3 Germany
3.4.4 France
3.4.5 U.K.
3.4.6 Italy
3.4.7 Russia
3.5 Asia Pacific High Protein Cat Food Market Facts & Figures by Region
3.5.1 Asia Pacific High Protein Cat Food Sales by Region
3.5.2 Asia Pacific High Protein Cat Food Revenue by Region
3.5.3 China
3.5.4 Japan
3.5.5 South Korea
3.5.6 India
3.5.7 Australia
3.5.8 Taiwan
3.5.9 Indonesia
3.5.10 Thailand
3.5.11 Malaysia
3.5.12 Philippines
3.5.13 Vietnam
3.6 Latin America High Protein Cat Food Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.6.1 Latin America High Protein Cat Food Sales by Country
3.6.2 Latin America High Protein Cat Food Revenue by Country
3.6.3 Mexico
3.6.4 Brazil
3.6.5 Argentina
3.7 Middle East and Africa High Protein Cat Food Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.7.1 Middle East and Africa High Protein Cat Food Sales by Country
3.7.2 Middle East and Africa High Protein Cat Food Revenue by Country
3.7.3 Turkey
3.7.4 Saudi Arabia
3.7.5 UAE
4 Global High Protein Cat Food Historic Market Analysis by Type
4.1 Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.2 Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.3 Global High Protein Cat Food Price by Type (2016-2021)

5 Global High Protein Cat Food Historic Market Analysis by Application
5.1 Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.2 Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.3 Global High Protein Cat Food Price by Application (2016-2021)

6 Key Companies Profiled
6.1 Diamond Pet Foods
6.1.1 Diamond Pet Foods Corporation Information
6.1.2 Diamond Pet Foods Description and Business Overview
6.1.3 Diamond Pet Foods High Protein Cat Food Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.1.4 Diamond Pet Foods Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Diamond Pet Foods Recent Developments/Updates
6.2 WellPet
6.2.1 WellPet Corporation Information
6.2.2 WellPet Description and Business Overview
6.2.3 WellPet High Protein Cat Food Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.2.4 WellPet Product Portfolio
6.2.5 WellPet Recent Developments/Updates
6.3 Blue Buffalo Pet Products
6.3.1 Blue Buffalo Pet Products Corporation Information
6.3.2 Blue Buffalo Pet Products Description and Business Overview
6.3.3 Blue Buffalo Pet Products High Protein Cat Food Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.3.4 Blue Buffalo Pet Products Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Blue Buffalo Pet Products Recent Developments/Updates
6.4 The J.M. Smucker Company
6.4.1 The J.M. Smucker Company Corporation Information
6.4.2 The J.M. Smucker Company Description and Business Overview
6.4.3 The J.M. Smucker Company High Protein Cat Food Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 The J.M. Smucker Company Product Portfolio
6.4.5 The J.M. Smucker Company Recent Developments/Updates
6.5 Total Alimentos
6.5.1 Total Alimentos Corporation Information
6.5.2 Total Alimentos Description and Business Overview
6.5.3 Total Alimentos High Protein Cat Food Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.5.4 Total Alimentos Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Total Alimentos Recent Developments/Updates
6.6 Lupus Alimentos
6.6.1 Lupus Alimentos Corporation Information
6.6.2 Lupus Alimentos Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Lupus Alimentos High Protein Cat Food Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.6.4 Lupus Alimentos Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Lupus Alimentos Recent Developments/Updates
6.7 Nestle Purina
6.6.1 Nestle Purina Corporation Information
6.6.2 Nestle Purina Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Nestle Purina High Protein Cat Food Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Nestle Purina Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Nestle Purina Recent Developments/Updates
6.8 Hartz
6.8.1 Hartz Corporation Information
6.8.2 Hartz Description and Business Overview
6.8.3 Hartz High Protein Cat Food Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.8.4 Hartz Product Portfolio
6.8.5 Hartz Recent Developments/Updates
6.9 Hill’s Pet Nutrition
6.9.1 Hill’s Pet Nutrition Corporation Information
6.9.2 Hill’s Pet Nutrition Description and Business Overview
6.9.3 Hill’s Pet Nutrition High Protein Cat Food Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.9.4 Hill’s Pet Nutrition Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Hill’s Pet Nutrition Recent Developments/Updates
6.10 Mars Incorporated
6.10.1 Mars Incorporated Corporation Information
6.10.2 Mars Incorporated Description and Business Overview
6.10.3 Mars Incorporated High Protein Cat Food Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.10.4 Mars Incorporated Product Portfolio
6.10.5 Mars Incorporated Recent Developments/Updates

7 High Protein Cat Food Manufacturing Cost Analysis
7.1 High Protein Cat Food Key Raw Materials Analysis
7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
7.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of High Protein Cat Food
7.4 High Protein Cat Food Industrial Chain Analysis

8 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
8.1 Marketing Channel
8.2 High Protein Cat Food Distributors List
8.3 High Protein Cat Food Customers

9 High Protein Cat Food Market Dynamics
9.1 High Protein Cat Food Industry Trends
9.2 High Protein Cat Food Growth Drivers
9.3 High Protein Cat Food Market Challenges
9.4 High Protein Cat Food Market Restraints

10 Global Market Forecast
10.1 High Protein Cat Food Market Estimates and Projections by Type
10.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of High Protein Cat Food by Type (2022-2027)
10.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of High Protein Cat Food by Type (2022-2027)
10.2 High Protein Cat Food Market Estimates and Projections by Application
10.2.1 Global Forecasted Sales of High Protein Cat Food by Application (2022-2027)
10.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of High Protein Cat Food by Application (2022-2027)
10.3 High Protein Cat Food Market Estimates and Projections by Region
10.3.1 Global Forecasted Sales of High Protein Cat Food by Region (2022-2027)
10.3.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of High Protein Cat Food by Region (2022-2027)

11 Research Finding and Conclusion

12 Methodology and Data Source
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Author List
12.4 Disclaimer

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton) Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
Table 2. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton) Comparison by Application (2021-2027)
Table 3. Global High Protein Cat Food Market Size by Region (US$ Million) (2016 VS 2021 VS 2027)
Table 4. Key Manufacturers High Protein Cat Food Covered in This Study
Table 5. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Global Market High Protein Cat Food Average Price (US$/Ton) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 10. Manufacturers High Protein Cat Food Manufacturing Sites and Area Served
Table 11. Manufacturers High Protein Cat Food Product Type
Table 12. Global High Protein Cat Food Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 13. Global High Protein Cat Food by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in High Protein Cat Food as of 2020)
Table 14. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (Ton)
Table 16. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. North America High Protein Cat Food Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (Ton)
Table 19. North America High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 20. North America High Protein Cat Food Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. North America High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 22. Europe High Protein Cat Food Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (Ton)
Table 23. Europe High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 24. Europe High Protein Cat Food Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Europe High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 26. Asia Pacific High Protein Cat Food Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (Ton)
Table 27. Asia Pacific High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 28. Asia Pacific High Protein Cat Food Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Asia Pacific High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 30. Latin America High Protein Cat Food Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (Ton)
Table 31. Latin America High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 32. Latin America High Protein Cat Food Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa High Protein Cat Food Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (Ton)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 36. Middle East and Africa High Protein Cat Food Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Middle East and Africa High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 38. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 39. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 40. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue (Million US$) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 41. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 42. Global High Protein Cat Food Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 43. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 44. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 45. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue (Million US$) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 46. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 47. Global High Protein Cat Food Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 48. Diamond Pet Foods Corporation Information
Table 49. Diamond Pet Foods Description and Business Overview
Table 50. Diamond Pet Foods High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 51. Diamond Pet Foods High Protein Cat Food Product
Table 52. Diamond Pet Foods Recent Developments/Updates
Table 53. WellPet Corporation Information
Table 54. WellPet Description and Business Overview
Table 55. WellPet High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 56. WellPet High Protein Cat Food Product
Table 57. WellPet Recent Developments/Updates
Table 58. Blue Buffalo Pet Products Corporation Information
Table 59. Blue Buffalo Pet Products Description and Business Overview
Table 60. Blue Buffalo Pet Products High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 61. Blue Buffalo Pet Products High Protein Cat Food Product
Table 62. Blue Buffalo Pet Products Recent Developments/Updates
Table 63. The J.M. Smucker Company Corporation Information
Table 64. The J.M. Smucker Company Description and Business Overview
Table 65. The J.M. Smucker Company High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 66. The J.M. Smucker Company High Protein Cat Food Product
Table 67. The J.M. Smucker Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 68. Total Alimentos Corporation Information
Table 69. Total Alimentos Description and Business Overview
Table 70. Total Alimentos High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 71. Total Alimentos High Protein Cat Food Product
Table 72. Total Alimentos Recent Developments/Updates
Table 73. Lupus Alimentos Corporation Information
Table 74. Lupus Alimentos Description and Business Overview
Table 75. Lupus Alimentos High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 76. Lupus Alimentos High Protein Cat Food Product
Table 77. Lupus Alimentos Recent Developments/Updates
Table 78. Nestle Purina Corporation Information
Table 79. Nestle Purina Description and Business Overview
Table 80. Nestle Purina High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 81. Nestle Purina High Protein Cat Food Product
Table 82. Nestle Purina Recent Developments/Updates
Table 83. Hartz Corporation Information
Table 84. Hartz Description and Business Overview
Table 85. Hartz High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 86. Hartz High Protein Cat Food Product
Table 87. Hartz Recent Developments/Updates
Table 88. Hill’s Pet Nutrition Corporation Information
Table 89. Hill’s Pet Nutrition Description and Business Overview
Table 90. Hill’s Pet Nutrition High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 91. Hill’s Pet Nutrition High Protein Cat Food Product
Table 92. Hill’s Pet Nutrition Recent Developments/Updates
Table 93. Mars Incorporated Corporation Information
Table 94. Mars Incorporated Description and Business Overview
Table 95. Mars Incorporated High Protein Cat Food Sales (Ton), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 96. Mars Incorporated High Protein Cat Food Product
Table 97. Mars Incorporated Recent Developments/Updates
Table 98. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 99. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 100. High Protein Cat Food Distributors List
Table 101. High Protein Cat Food Customers List
Table 102. High Protein Cat Food Market Trends
Table 103. High Protein Cat Food Growth Drivers
Table 104. High Protein Cat Food Market Restraints
Table 105. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (Ton)
Table 106. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 107. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 108. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 109. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (Ton)
Table 110. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 111. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 112. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 113. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (Ton)
Table 114. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 115. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 116. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 117. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 118. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 119. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of High Protein Cat Food
Figure 2. Global High Protein Cat Food Market Share by Type in 2020 & 2027
Figure 3. Wet Cat Food Product Picture
Figure 4. Dry Cat Food Product Picture
Figure 5. Global High Protein Cat Food Market Share by Application in 2020 & 2027
Figure 6. Supermarkets and Hypermarkets
Figure 7. Pet Specialty Stores
Figure 8. Convenience stores
Figure 9. Online
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue, (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 12. Global High Protein Cat Food Market Size 2016-2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales 2016-2027 (Ton)
Figure 14. Global High Protein Cat Food Market Size Market Share by Region: 2016 VS 20210 VS 2027
Figure 15. High Protein Cat Food Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 16. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 17. The Global 5 and 10 Largest High Protein Cat Food Players: Market Share by Revenue in 2020
Figure 18. High Protein Cat Food Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2021
Figure 19. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 20. Global High Protein Cat Food Sales Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 21. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 22. Global High Protein Cat Food Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 23. U.S. High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Canada High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Germany High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 26. France High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 27. U.K. High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Italy High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Russia High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 30. China High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Japan High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 32. South Korea High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 33. India High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Australia High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Taiwan High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Indonesia High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Thailand High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Malaysia High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Philippines High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Vietnam High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Mexico High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Brazil High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Argentina High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Turkey High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Saudi Arabia High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 46. UAE High Protein Cat Food Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Sales Market Share of High Protein Cat Food by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 48. Sales Market Share of High Protein Cat Food by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 49. Sales Market Share of High Protein Cat Food by Application in 2020
Figure 50. Revenue Share of High Protein Cat Food by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 51. Revenue Share of High Protein Cat Food by Application in 2020
Figure 52. Manufacturing Cost Structure of High Protein Cat Food
Figure 53. Manufacturing Process Analysis of High Protein Cat Food
Figure 54. High Protein Cat Food Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 55. Channels of Distribution
Figure 56. Distributors Profiles
Figure 57. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 58. Data Triangulation
Figure 59. Key Executives Interviewed