Table of Content

1 Fitness Socks Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Fitness Socks
1.2 Fitness Socks Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Fitness Socks Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
1.2.2 Cotton Blend
1.2.3 Synthetic Blend
1.2.4 Wool Blend
1.3 Fitness Socks Segment by Application
1.3.1 Fitness Socks Sales Comparison by Application: (2021-2027)
1.3.2 Online Sales
1.3.3 Offline Retail
1.4 Global Fitness Socks Market Size Estimates and Forecasts
1.4.1 Global Fitness Socks Revenue 2016-2027
1.4.2 Global Fitness Socks Sales 2016-2027
1.4.3 Fitness Socks Market Size by Region: 2016 Versus 2021 Versus 2027

2 Fitness Socks Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Global Fitness Socks Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.4 Manufacturers Fitness Socks Manufacturing Sites, Area Served, Product Type
2.5 Fitness Socks Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Fitness Socks Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 The Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Fitness Socks Players Market Share by Revenue
2.5.3 Global Fitness Socks Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

3 Fitness Socks Retrospective Market Scenario by Region
3.1 Global Fitness Socks Retrospective Market Scenario in Revenue by Region: 2016-2021
3.2 Global Fitness Socks Retrospective Market Scenario in Sales by Region: 2016-2021
3.3 North America Fitness Socks Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.3.1 North America Fitness Socks Sales by Country
3.3.2 North America Fitness Socks Revenue by Country
3.3.3 U.S.
3.3.4 Canada
3.4 Europe Fitness Socks Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.4.1 Europe Fitness Socks Sales by Country
3.4.2 Europe Fitness Socks Revenue by Country
3.4.3 Germany
3.4.4 France
3.4.5 U.K.
3.4.6 Italy
3.4.7 Russia
3.5 Asia Pacific Fitness Socks Market Facts & Figures by Region
3.5.1 Asia Pacific Fitness Socks Sales by Region
3.5.2 Asia Pacific Fitness Socks Revenue by Region
3.5.3 China
3.5.4 Japan
3.5.5 South Korea
3.5.6 India
3.5.7 Australia
3.5.8 Taiwan
3.5.9 Indonesia
3.5.10 Thailand
3.5.11 Malaysia
3.5.12 Philippines
3.5.13 Vietnam
3.6 Latin America Fitness Socks Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.6.1 Latin America Fitness Socks Sales by Country
3.6.2 Latin America Fitness Socks Revenue by Country
3.6.3 Mexico
3.6.4 Brazil
3.6.5 Argentina
3.7 Middle East and Africa Fitness Socks Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.7.1 Middle East and Africa Fitness Socks Sales by Country
3.7.2 Middle East and Africa Fitness Socks Revenue by Country
3.7.3 Turkey
3.7.4 Saudi Arabia
3.7.5 UAE
4 Global Fitness Socks Historic Market Analysis by Type
4.1 Global Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.2 Global Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.3 Global Fitness Socks Price by Type (2016-2021)

5 Global Fitness Socks Historic Market Analysis by Application
5.1 Global Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Fitness Socks Price by Application (2016-2021)

6 Key Companies Profiled
6.1 Nike
6.1.1 Nike Corporation Information
6.1.2 Nike Description and Business Overview
6.1.3 Nike Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.1.4 Nike Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Nike Recent Developments/Updates
6.2 Adidas
6.2.1 Adidas Corporation Information
6.2.2 Adidas Description and Business Overview
6.2.3 Adidas Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.2.4 Adidas Product Portfolio
6.2.5 Adidas Recent Developments/Updates
6.3 PUMA
6.3.1 PUMA Corporation Information
6.3.2 PUMA Description and Business Overview
6.3.3 PUMA Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.3.4 PUMA Product Portfolio
6.3.5 PUMA Recent Developments/Updates
6.4 Skechers
6.4.1 Skechers Corporation Information
6.4.2 Skechers Description and Business Overview
6.4.3 Skechers Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Skechers Product Portfolio
6.4.5 Skechers Recent Developments/Updates
6.5 Under Armour
6.5.1 Under Armour Corporation Information
6.5.2 Under Armour Description and Business Overview
6.5.3 Under Armour Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.5.4 Under Armour Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Under Armour Recent Developments/Updates
6.6 ASICS
6.6.1 ASICS Corporation Information
6.6.2 ASICS Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 ASICS Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.6.4 ASICS Product Portfolio
6.6.5 ASICS Recent Developments/Updates
6.7 Wolverine World Wide
6.6.1 Wolverine World Wide Corporation Information
6.6.2 Wolverine World Wide Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Wolverine World Wide Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Wolverine World Wide Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Wolverine World Wide Recent Developments/Updates
6.8 V.F. Corporation
6.8.1 V.F. Corporation Corporation Information
6.8.2 V.F. Corporation Description and Business Overview
6.8.3 V.F. Corporation Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.8.4 V.F. Corporation Product Portfolio
6.8.5 V.F. Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
6.9 New Balance
6.9.1 New Balance Corporation Information
6.9.2 New Balance Description and Business Overview
6.9.3 New Balance Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.9.4 New Balance Product Portfolio
6.9.5 New Balance Recent Developments/Updates
6.10 Hanesbrands
6.10.1 Hanesbrands Corporation Information
6.10.2 Hanesbrands Description and Business Overview
6.10.3 Hanesbrands Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.10.4 Hanesbrands Product Portfolio
6.10.5 Hanesbrands Recent Developments/Updates
6.11 THORLO
6.11.1 THORLO Corporation Information
6.11.2 THORLO Fitness Socks Description and Business Overview
6.11.3 THORLO Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.11.4 THORLO Product Portfolio
6.11.5 THORLO Recent Developments/Updates
6.12 Jockey International
6.12.1 Jockey International Corporation Information
6.12.2 Jockey International Fitness Socks Description and Business Overview
6.12.3 Jockey International Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.12.4 Jockey International Product Portfolio
6.12.5 Jockey International Recent Developments/Updates
6.13 Drymax Technologies
6.13.1 Drymax Technologies Corporation Information
6.13.2 Drymax Technologies Fitness Socks Description and Business Overview
6.13.3 Drymax Technologies Fitness Socks Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.13.4 Drymax Technologies Product Portfolio
6.13.5 Drymax Technologies Recent Developments/Updates

7 Fitness Socks Manufacturing Cost Analysis
7.1 Fitness Socks Key Raw Materials Analysis
7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
7.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Fitness Socks
7.4 Fitness Socks Industrial Chain Analysis

8 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
8.1 Marketing Channel
8.2 Fitness Socks Distributors List
8.3 Fitness Socks Customers

9 Fitness Socks Market Dynamics
9.1 Fitness Socks Industry Trends
9.2 Fitness Socks Growth Drivers
9.3 Fitness Socks Market Challenges
9.4 Fitness Socks Market Restraints

10 Global Market Forecast
10.1 Fitness Socks Market Estimates and Projections by Type
10.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Fitness Socks by Type (2022-2027)
10.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Fitness Socks by Type (2022-2027)
10.2 Fitness Socks Market Estimates and Projections by Application
10.2.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Fitness Socks by Application (2022-2027)
10.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Fitness Socks by Application (2022-2027)
10.3 Fitness Socks Market Estimates and Projections by Region
10.3.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Fitness Socks by Region (2022-2027)
10.3.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Fitness Socks by Region (2022-2027)

11 Research Finding and Conclusion

12 Methodology and Data Source
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Author List
12.4 Disclaimer

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Fitness Socks Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
Table 2. Global Fitness Socks Sales (K Units) Comparison by Application (2021-2027)
Table 3. Global Fitness Socks Market Size by Region (US$ Million) (2016 VS 2021 VS 2027)
Table 4. Key Manufacturers Fitness Socks Covered in This Study
Table 5. Global Fitness Socks Sales (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Fitness Socks Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Fitness Socks Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Global Market Fitness Socks Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 10. Manufacturers Fitness Socks Manufacturing Sites and Area Served
Table 11. Manufacturers Fitness Socks Product Type
Table 12. Global Fitness Socks Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 13. Global Fitness Socks by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Fitness Socks as of 2020)
Table 14. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global Fitness Socks Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 16. Global Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Fitness Socks Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. North America Fitness Socks Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 19. North America Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 20. North America Fitness Socks Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. North America Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 22. Europe Fitness Socks Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 23. Europe Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 24. Europe Fitness Socks Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Europe Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 26. Asia Pacific Fitness Socks Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 28. Asia Pacific Fitness Socks Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Asia Pacific Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 30. Latin America Fitness Socks Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 31. Latin America Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 32. Latin America Fitness Socks Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Fitness Socks Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 36. Middle East and Africa Fitness Socks Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Middle East and Africa Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 38. Global Fitness Socks Sales (K Units) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 39. Global Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 40. Global Fitness Socks Revenue (Million US$) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 41. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 42. Global Fitness Socks Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 43. Global Fitness Socks Sales (K Units) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 44. Global Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 45. Global Fitness Socks Revenue (Million US$) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 46. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 47. Global Fitness Socks Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 48. Nike Corporation Information
Table 49. Nike Description and Business Overview
Table 50. Nike Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 51. Nike Fitness Socks Product
Table 52. Nike Recent Developments/Updates
Table 53. Adidas Corporation Information
Table 54. Adidas Description and Business Overview
Table 55. Adidas Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 56. Adidas Fitness Socks Product
Table 57. Adidas Recent Developments/Updates
Table 58. PUMA Corporation Information
Table 59. PUMA Description and Business Overview
Table 60. PUMA Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 61. PUMA Fitness Socks Product
Table 62. PUMA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 63. Skechers Corporation Information
Table 64. Skechers Description and Business Overview
Table 65. Skechers Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 66. Skechers Fitness Socks Product
Table 67. Skechers Recent Developments/Updates
Table 68. Under Armour Corporation Information
Table 69. Under Armour Description and Business Overview
Table 70. Under Armour Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 71. Under Armour Fitness Socks Product
Table 72. Under Armour Recent Developments/Updates
Table 73. ASICS Corporation Information
Table 74. ASICS Description and Business Overview
Table 75. ASICS Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 76. ASICS Fitness Socks Product
Table 77. ASICS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 78. Wolverine World Wide Corporation Information
Table 79. Wolverine World Wide Description and Business Overview
Table 80. Wolverine World Wide Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 81. Wolverine World Wide Fitness Socks Product
Table 82. Wolverine World Wide Recent Developments/Updates
Table 83. V.F. Corporation Corporation Information
Table 84. V.F. Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table 85. V.F. Corporation Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 86. V.F. Corporation Fitness Socks Product
Table 87. V.F. Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 88. New Balance Corporation Information
Table 89. New Balance Description and Business Overview
Table 90. New Balance Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 91. New Balance Fitness Socks Product
Table 92. New Balance Recent Developments/Updates
Table 93. Hanesbrands Corporation Information
Table 94. Hanesbrands Description and Business Overview
Table 95. Hanesbrands Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 96. Hanesbrands Fitness Socks Product
Table 97. Hanesbrands Recent Developments/Updates
Table 98. THORLO Corporation Information
Table 99. THORLO Description and Business Overview
Table 100. THORLO Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 101. THORLO Fitness Socks Product
Table 102. THORLO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 103. Jockey International Corporation Information
Table 104. Jockey International Description and Business Overview
Table 105. Jockey International Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 106. Jockey International Fitness Socks Product
Table 107. Jockey International Recent Developments/Updates
Table 108. Drymax Technologies Corporation Information
Table 109. Drymax Technologies Description and Business Overview
Table 110. Drymax Technologies Fitness Socks Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 111. Drymax Technologies Fitness Socks Product
Table 112. Drymax Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 113. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 114. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 115. Fitness Socks Distributors List
Table 116. Fitness Socks Customers List
Table 117. Fitness Socks Market Trends
Table 118. Fitness Socks Growth Drivers
Table 119. Fitness Socks Market Restraints
Table 120. Global Fitness Socks Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 121. Global Fitness Socks Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 122. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 123. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 124. Global Fitness Socks Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 125. Global Fitness Socks Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 126. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 127. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 128. Global Fitness Socks Sales Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 129. Global Fitness Socks Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 130. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 131. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 132. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 133. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 134. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Fitness Socks
Figure 2. Global Fitness Socks Market Share by Type in 2020 & 2027
Figure 3. Cotton Blend Product Picture
Figure 4. Synthetic Blend Product Picture
Figure 5. Wool Blend Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Fitness Socks Market Share by Application in 2020 & 2027
Figure 7. Online Sales
Figure 8. Offline Retail
Figure 9. Global Fitness Socks Revenue, (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 10. Global Fitness Socks Market Size 2016-2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 11. Global Fitness Socks Sales 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure 12. Global Fitness Socks Market Size Market Share by Region: 2016 VS 20210 VS 2027
Figure 13. Fitness Socks Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 14. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 15. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Fitness Socks Players: Market Share by Revenue in 2020
Figure 16. Fitness Socks Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2021
Figure 17. Global Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 18. Global Fitness Socks Sales Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 19. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 20. Global Fitness Socks Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 21. U.S. Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Canada Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Germany Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 24. France Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 25. U.K. Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Italy Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Russia Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 28. China Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Japan Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 30. South Korea Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 31. India Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Australia Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Taiwan Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Indonesia Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Thailand Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Malaysia Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Philippines Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Vietnam Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Mexico Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Brazil Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Argentina Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Turkey Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Saudi Arabia Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 44. UAE Fitness Socks Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Sales Market Share of Fitness Socks by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 46. Sales Market Share of Fitness Socks by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 47. Sales Market Share of Fitness Socks by Application in 2020
Figure 48. Revenue Share of Fitness Socks by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 49. Revenue Share of Fitness Socks by Application in 2020
Figure 50. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Fitness Socks
Figure 51. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Fitness Socks
Figure 52. Fitness Socks Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 53. Channels of Distribution
Figure 54. Distributors Profiles
Figure 55. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 56. Data Triangulation
Figure 57. Key Executives Interviewed