Table of Content

1 Aluminum Pouch Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Aluminum Pouch
1.2 Aluminum Pouch Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
1.2.2 Aluminum Stand Up Pouch
1.2.3 Aluminum Zipper Pouch
1.3 Aluminum Pouch Segment by Application
1.3.1 Aluminum Pouch Sales Comparison by Application: (2021-2027)
1.3.2 Food and Beverage Industry
1.3.3 Pharmaceutical Industry
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Aluminum Pouch Market Size Estimates and Forecasts
1.4.1 Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue 2016-2027
1.4.2 Global Aluminum Pouch Sales 2016-2027
1.4.3 Aluminum Pouch Market Size by Region: 2016 Versus 2021 Versus 2027

2 Aluminum Pouch Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Global Aluminum Pouch Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.4 Manufacturers Aluminum Pouch Manufacturing Sites, Area Served, Product Type
2.5 Aluminum Pouch Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Aluminum Pouch Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 The Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Aluminum Pouch Players Market Share by Revenue
2.5.3 Global Aluminum Pouch Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

3 Aluminum Pouch Retrospective Market Scenario by Region
3.1 Global Aluminum Pouch Retrospective Market Scenario in Revenue by Region: 2016-2021
3.2 Global Aluminum Pouch Retrospective Market Scenario in Sales by Region: 2016-2021
3.3 North America Aluminum Pouch Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.3.1 North America Aluminum Pouch Sales by Country
3.3.2 North America Aluminum Pouch Revenue by Country
3.3.3 U.S.
3.3.4 Canada
3.4 Europe Aluminum Pouch Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.4.1 Europe Aluminum Pouch Sales by Country
3.4.2 Europe Aluminum Pouch Revenue by Country
3.4.3 Germany
3.4.4 France
3.4.5 U.K.
3.4.6 Italy
3.4.7 Russia
3.5 Asia Pacific Aluminum Pouch Market Facts & Figures by Region
3.5.1 Asia Pacific Aluminum Pouch Sales by Region
3.5.2 Asia Pacific Aluminum Pouch Revenue by Region
3.5.3 China
3.5.4 Japan
3.5.5 South Korea
3.5.6 India
3.5.7 Australia
3.5.8 Taiwan
3.5.9 Indonesia
3.5.10 Thailand
3.5.11 Malaysia
3.5.12 Philippines
3.5.13 Vietnam
3.6 Latin America Aluminum Pouch Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.6.1 Latin America Aluminum Pouch Sales by Country
3.6.2 Latin America Aluminum Pouch Revenue by Country
3.6.3 Mexico
3.6.4 Brazil
3.6.5 Argentina
3.7 Middle East and Africa Aluminum Pouch Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.7.1 Middle East and Africa Aluminum Pouch Sales by Country
3.7.2 Middle East and Africa Aluminum Pouch Revenue by Country
3.7.3 Turkey
3.7.4 Saudi Arabia
3.7.5 UAE
4 Global Aluminum Pouch Historic Market Analysis by Type
4.1 Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.2 Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.3 Global Aluminum Pouch Price by Type (2016-2021)

5 Global Aluminum Pouch Historic Market Analysis by Application
5.1 Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Aluminum Pouch Price by Application (2016-2021)

6 Key Companies Profiled
6.1 Amcor
6.1.1 Amcor Corporation Information
6.1.2 Amcor Description and Business Overview
6.1.3 Amcor Aluminum Pouch Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.1.4 Amcor Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Amcor Recent Developments/Updates
6.2 Packman Industries
6.2.1 Packman Industries Corporation Information
6.2.2 Packman Industries Description and Business Overview
6.2.3 Packman Industries Aluminum Pouch Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.2.4 Packman Industries Product Portfolio
6.2.5 Packman Industries Recent Developments/Updates
6.3 Paras Pack
6.3.1 Paras Pack Corporation Information
6.3.2 Paras Pack Description and Business Overview
6.3.3 Paras Pack Aluminum Pouch Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.3.4 Paras Pack Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Paras Pack Recent Developments/Updates
6.4 Mondi Group
6.4.1 Mondi Group Corporation Information
6.4.2 Mondi Group Description and Business Overview
6.4.3 Mondi Group Aluminum Pouch Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Mondi Group Product Portfolio
6.4.5 Mondi Group Recent Developments/Updates
6.5 Premier Polymers
6.5.1 Premier Polymers Corporation Information
6.5.2 Premier Polymers Description and Business Overview
6.5.3 Premier Polymers Aluminum Pouch Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.5.4 Premier Polymers Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Premier Polymers Recent Developments/Updates
6.6 Avonflex
6.6.1 Avonflex Corporation Information
6.6.2 Avonflex Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Avonflex Aluminum Pouch Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.6.4 Avonflex Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Avonflex Recent Developments/Updates
6.7 Polypouch
6.6.1 Polypouch Corporation Information
6.6.2 Polypouch Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Polypouch Aluminum Pouch Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Polypouch Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Polypouch Recent Developments/Updates
6.8 Era Classic Printers
6.8.1 Era Classic Printers Corporation Information
6.8.2 Era Classic Printers Description and Business Overview
6.8.3 Era Classic Printers Aluminum Pouch Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.8.4 Era Classic Printers Product Portfolio
6.8.5 Era Classic Printers Recent Developments/Updates
6.9 Platinum Polymers
6.9.1 Platinum Polymers Corporation Information
6.9.2 Platinum Polymers Description and Business Overview
6.9.3 Platinum Polymers Aluminum Pouch Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.9.4 Platinum Polymers Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Platinum Polymers Recent Developments/Updates
6.10 Swisspack
6.10.1 Swisspack Corporation Information
6.10.2 Swisspack Description and Business Overview
6.10.3 Swisspack Aluminum Pouch Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.10.4 Swisspack Product Portfolio
6.10.5 Swisspack Recent Developments/Updates
6.11 Sacs Industriels
6.11.1 Sacs Industriels Corporation Information
6.11.2 Sacs Industriels Aluminum Pouch Description and Business Overview
6.11.3 Sacs Industriels Aluminum Pouch Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.11.4 Sacs Industriels Product Portfolio
6.11.5 Sacs Industriels Recent Developments/Updates

7 Aluminum Pouch Manufacturing Cost Analysis
7.1 Aluminum Pouch Key Raw Materials Analysis
7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
7.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Aluminum Pouch
7.4 Aluminum Pouch Industrial Chain Analysis

8 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
8.1 Marketing Channel
8.2 Aluminum Pouch Distributors List
8.3 Aluminum Pouch Customers

9 Aluminum Pouch Market Dynamics
9.1 Aluminum Pouch Industry Trends
9.2 Aluminum Pouch Growth Drivers
9.3 Aluminum Pouch Market Challenges
9.4 Aluminum Pouch Market Restraints

10 Global Market Forecast
10.1 Aluminum Pouch Market Estimates and Projections by Type
10.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Aluminum Pouch by Type (2022-2027)
10.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Aluminum Pouch by Type (2022-2027)
10.2 Aluminum Pouch Market Estimates and Projections by Application
10.2.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Aluminum Pouch by Application (2022-2027)
10.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Aluminum Pouch by Application (2022-2027)
10.3 Aluminum Pouch Market Estimates and Projections by Region
10.3.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Aluminum Pouch by Region (2022-2027)
10.3.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Aluminum Pouch by Region (2022-2027)

11 Research Finding and Conclusion

12 Methodology and Data Source
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Author List
12.4 Disclaimer

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
Table 2. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units) Comparison by Application (2021-2027)
Table 3. Global Aluminum Pouch Market Size by Region (US$ Million) (2016 VS 2021 VS 2027)
Table 4. Key Manufacturers Aluminum Pouch Covered in This Study
Table 5. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Global Market Aluminum Pouch Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 10. Manufacturers Aluminum Pouch Manufacturing Sites and Area Served
Table 11. Manufacturers Aluminum Pouch Product Type
Table 12. Global Aluminum Pouch Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 13. Global Aluminum Pouch by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Aluminum Pouch as of 2020)
Table 14. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 16. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. North America Aluminum Pouch Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 19. North America Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 20. North America Aluminum Pouch Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. North America Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 22. Europe Aluminum Pouch Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 23. Europe Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 24. Europe Aluminum Pouch Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Europe Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 26. Asia Pacific Aluminum Pouch Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 28. Asia Pacific Aluminum Pouch Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Asia Pacific Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 30. Latin America Aluminum Pouch Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 31. Latin America Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 32. Latin America Aluminum Pouch Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Aluminum Pouch Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 36. Middle East and Africa Aluminum Pouch Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Middle East and Africa Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 38. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 39. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 40. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue (Million US$) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 41. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 42. Global Aluminum Pouch Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 43. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 44. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 45. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue (Million US$) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 46. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 47. Global Aluminum Pouch Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 48. Amcor Corporation Information
Table 49. Amcor Description and Business Overview
Table 50. Amcor Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 51. Amcor Aluminum Pouch Product
Table 52. Amcor Recent Developments/Updates
Table 53. Packman Industries Corporation Information
Table 54. Packman Industries Description and Business Overview
Table 55. Packman Industries Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 56. Packman Industries Aluminum Pouch Product
Table 57. Packman Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 58. Paras Pack Corporation Information
Table 59. Paras Pack Description and Business Overview
Table 60. Paras Pack Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 61. Paras Pack Aluminum Pouch Product
Table 62. Paras Pack Recent Developments/Updates
Table 63. Mondi Group Corporation Information
Table 64. Mondi Group Description and Business Overview
Table 65. Mondi Group Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 66. Mondi Group Aluminum Pouch Product
Table 67. Mondi Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 68. Premier Polymers Corporation Information
Table 69. Premier Polymers Description and Business Overview
Table 70. Premier Polymers Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 71. Premier Polymers Aluminum Pouch Product
Table 72. Premier Polymers Recent Developments/Updates
Table 73. Avonflex Corporation Information
Table 74. Avonflex Description and Business Overview
Table 75. Avonflex Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 76. Avonflex Aluminum Pouch Product
Table 77. Avonflex Recent Developments/Updates
Table 78. Polypouch Corporation Information
Table 79. Polypouch Description and Business Overview
Table 80. Polypouch Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 81. Polypouch Aluminum Pouch Product
Table 82. Polypouch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 83. Era Classic Printers Corporation Information
Table 84. Era Classic Printers Description and Business Overview
Table 85. Era Classic Printers Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 86. Era Classic Printers Aluminum Pouch Product
Table 87. Era Classic Printers Recent Developments/Updates
Table 88. Platinum Polymers Corporation Information
Table 89. Platinum Polymers Description and Business Overview
Table 90. Platinum Polymers Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 91. Platinum Polymers Aluminum Pouch Product
Table 92. Platinum Polymers Recent Developments/Updates
Table 93. Swisspack Corporation Information
Table 94. Swisspack Description and Business Overview
Table 95. Swisspack Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 96. Swisspack Aluminum Pouch Product
Table 97. Swisspack Recent Developments/Updates
Table 98. Sacs Industriels Corporation Information
Table 99. Sacs Industriels Description and Business Overview
Table 100. Sacs Industriels Aluminum Pouch Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 101. Sacs Industriels Aluminum Pouch Product
Table 102. Sacs Industriels Recent Developments/Updates
Table 103. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 104. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 105. Aluminum Pouch Distributors List
Table 106. Aluminum Pouch Customers List
Table 107. Aluminum Pouch Market Trends
Table 108. Aluminum Pouch Growth Drivers
Table 109. Aluminum Pouch Market Restraints
Table 110. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 111. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 112. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 113. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 114. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 115. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 116. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 117. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 118. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 119. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 120. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 121. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 122. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 123. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 124. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Aluminum Pouch
Figure 2. Global Aluminum Pouch Market Share by Type in 2020 & 2027
Figure 3. Aluminum Stand Up Pouch Product Picture
Figure 4. Aluminum Zipper Pouch Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Aluminum Pouch Market Share by Application in 2020 & 2027
Figure 6. Food and Beverage Industry
Figure 7. Pharmaceutical Industry
Figure 8. Others
Figure 9. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue, (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 10. Global Aluminum Pouch Market Size 2016-2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 11. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure 12. Global Aluminum Pouch Market Size Market Share by Region: 2016 VS 20210 VS 2027
Figure 13. Aluminum Pouch Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 14. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 15. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Aluminum Pouch Players: Market Share by Revenue in 2020
Figure 16. Aluminum Pouch Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2021
Figure 17. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 18. Global Aluminum Pouch Sales Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 19. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 20. Global Aluminum Pouch Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 21. U.S. Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Canada Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Germany Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 24. France Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 25. U.K. Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Italy Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Russia Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 28. China Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Japan Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 30. South Korea Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 31. India Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Australia Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Taiwan Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Indonesia Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Thailand Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Malaysia Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Philippines Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Vietnam Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Mexico Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Brazil Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Argentina Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Turkey Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Saudi Arabia Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 44. UAE Aluminum Pouch Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Sales Market Share of Aluminum Pouch by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 46. Sales Market Share of Aluminum Pouch by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 47. Sales Market Share of Aluminum Pouch by Application in 2020
Figure 48. Revenue Share of Aluminum Pouch by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 49. Revenue Share of Aluminum Pouch by Application in 2020
Figure 50. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Aluminum Pouch
Figure 51. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Aluminum Pouch
Figure 52. Aluminum Pouch Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 53. Channels of Distribution
Figure 54. Distributors Profiles
Figure 55. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 56. Data Triangulation
Figure 57. Key Executives Interviewed