Table of Content

1 Laser Soldering System Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Laser Soldering System
1.2 Laser Soldering System Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Laser Soldering System Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2021 VS 2027
1.2.2 3-axis
1.2.3 4-axis
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Laser Soldering System Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.3.2 Consumer Electronics
1.3.3 Automotive Electronics
1.3.4 Appliances Electronics
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Laser Soldering System Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Laser Soldering System Production Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5 Global Laser Soldering System Market by Region
1.5.1 Global Laser Soldering System Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.5.2 North America Laser Soldering System Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.3 Europe Laser Soldering System Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 China Laser Soldering System Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 Japan Laser Soldering System Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)

2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Laser Soldering System Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Laser Soldering System Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Laser Soldering System Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Laser Soldering System Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.5 Manufacturers Laser Soldering System Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Laser Soldering System Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Laser Soldering System Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Laser Soldering System Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Production and Capacity by Region
3.1 Global Production of Laser Soldering System Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.2 Global Laser Soldering System Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.3 Global Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.4 North America Laser Soldering System Production
3.4.1 North America Laser Soldering System Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.4.2 North America Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.5 Europe Laser Soldering System Production
3.5.1 Europe Laser Soldering System Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.5.2 Europe Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.6 China Laser Soldering System Production
3.6.1 China Laser Soldering System Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.6.2 China Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.7 Japan Laser Soldering System Production
3.7.1 Japan Laser Soldering System Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.7.2 Japan Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)

4 Global Laser Soldering System Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Laser Soldering System Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Laser Soldering System Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Laser Soldering System Consumption by Country
4.2.2 U.S.
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Laser Soldering System Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Laser Soldering System Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Laser Soldering System Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil

5 Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Laser Soldering System Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Laser Soldering System Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Laser Soldering System Price by Type (2016-2021)

6 Consumption Analysis by Application
6.1 Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
6.2 Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)

7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Japan Unix
7.1.1 Japan Unix Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
7.1.2 Japan Unix Laser Soldering System Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Japan Unix Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Japan Unix Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Japan Unix Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Quick
7.2.1 Quick Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
7.2.2 Quick Laser Soldering System Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Quick Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.2.4 Quick Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Quick Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Apollo Seiko
7.3.1 Apollo Seiko Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
7.3.2 Apollo Seiko Laser Soldering System Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Apollo Seiko Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.3.4 Apollo Seiko Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Apollo Seiko Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Wolf Produktionssysteme
7.4.1 Wolf Produktionssysteme Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
7.4.2 Wolf Produktionssysteme Laser Soldering System Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Wolf Produktionssysteme Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.4.4 Wolf Produktionssysteme Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Wolf Produktionssysteme Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Seica
7.5.1 Seica Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
7.5.2 Seica Laser Soldering System Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Seica Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.5.4 Seica Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Seica Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 KUKA
7.6.1 KUKA Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
7.6.2 KUKA Laser Soldering System Product Portfolio
7.6.3 KUKA Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.6.4 KUKA Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 KUKA Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Elmotec Antriebstechnik AG
7.7.1 Elmotec Antriebstechnik AG Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
7.7.2 Elmotec Antriebstechnik AG Laser Soldering System Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Elmotec Antriebstechnik AG Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.7.4 Elmotec Antriebstechnik AG Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Elmotec Antriebstechnik AG Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 Lotuxs
7.8.1 Lotuxs Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
7.8.2 Lotuxs Laser Soldering System Product Portfolio
7.8.3 Lotuxs Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.8.4 Lotuxs Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Lotuxs Recent Developments/Updates

8 Laser Soldering System Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Laser Soldering System Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Laser Soldering System
8.4 Laser Soldering System Industrial Chain Analysis

9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Laser Soldering System Distributors List
9.3 Laser Soldering System Customers

10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Laser Soldering System Industry Trends
10.2 Laser Soldering System Growth Drivers
10.3 Laser Soldering System Market Challenges
10.4 Laser Soldering System Market Restraints

11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Laser Soldering System by Region (2022-2027)
11.2 North America Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.3 Europe Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.4 China Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.5 Japan Laser Soldering System Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)

12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Laser Soldering System
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Laser Soldering System by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Laser Soldering System by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Laser Soldering System by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Laser Soldering System by Country
13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2022-2027)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Laser Soldering System by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Laser Soldering System by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Laser Soldering System by Type (2022-2027)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Laser Soldering System by Application (2022-2027)
14 Research Finding and Conclusion

15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Laser Soldering System Market Size by Type (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027)
Table 2. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 3. Laser Soldering System Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 4. Global Laser Soldering System Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers
Table 5. Global Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Laser Soldering System Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Laser Soldering System Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Laser Soldering System Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Laser Soldering System as of 2020)
Table 10. Global Market Laser Soldering System Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 11. Manufacturers Laser Soldering System Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Laser Soldering System Product Types
Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 14. Global Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 15. Global Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 16. Global Laser Soldering System Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Laser Soldering System Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 18. Global Laser Soldering System Production Capacity (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 19. North America Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 20. Europe Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 21. China Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 22. Japan Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 23. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 24. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 25. North America Laser Soldering System Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 26. Europe Laser Soldering System Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Laser Soldering System Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 28. Latin America Laser Soldering System Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 30. Global Laser Soldering System Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 31. Global Laser Soldering System Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 32. Global Laser Soldering System Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 33. Global Laser Soldering System Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 34. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 35. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 36. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Table 37. Japan Unix Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
Table 38. Japan Unix Specification and Application
Table 39. Japan Unix Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 40. Japan Unix Main Business and Markets Served
Table 41. Japan Unix Recent Developments/Updates
Table 42. Quick Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
Table 43. Quick Specification and Application
Table 44. Quick Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 45. Quick Main Business and Markets Served
Table 46. Quick Recent Developments/Updates
Table 47. Apollo Seiko Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
Table 48. Apollo Seiko Specification and Application
Table 49. Apollo Seiko Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 50. Apollo Seiko Main Business and Markets Served
Table 51. Apollo Seiko Recent Developments/Updates
Table 52. Wolf Produktionssysteme Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
Table 53. Wolf Produktionssysteme Specification and Application
Table 54. Wolf Produktionssysteme Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 55. Wolf Produktionssysteme Main Business and Markets Served
Table 56. Wolf Produktionssysteme Recent Developments/Updates
Table 57. Seica Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
Table 58. Seica Specification and Application
Table 59. Seica Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 60. Seica Main Business and Markets Served
Table 61. Seica Recent Developments/Updates
Table 62. KUKA Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
Table 63. KUKA Specification and Application
Table 64. KUKA Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 65. KUKA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 66. KUKA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 67. Elmotec Antriebstechnik AG Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
Table 68. Elmotec Antriebstechnik AG Specification and Application
Table 69. Elmotec Antriebstechnik AG Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 70. Elmotec Antriebstechnik AG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 71. Elmotec Antriebstechnik AG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 72. Lotuxs Laser Soldering System Corporation Information
Table 73. Lotuxs Specification and Application
Table 74. Lotuxs Laser Soldering System Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 75. Lotuxs Main Business and Markets Served
Table 76. Lotuxs Recent Developments/Updates
Table 77. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 78. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 79. Laser Soldering System Distributors List
Table 80. Laser Soldering System Customers List
Table 81. Laser Soldering System Market Trends
Table 82. Laser Soldering System Growth Drivers
Table 83. Laser Soldering System Market Challenges
Table 84. Laser Soldering System Market Restraints
Table 85. Global Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 86. North America Laser Soldering System Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 87. Europe Laser Soldering System Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 88. Asia Pacific Laser Soldering System Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 89. Latin America Laser Soldering System Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 90. Global Laser Soldering System Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 91. Global Laser Soldering System Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Global Laser Soldering System Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$/Unit)
Table 93. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 94. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 95. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 96. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Laser Soldering System
Figure 2. Global Laser Soldering System Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 3. 3-axis Product Picture
Figure 4. 4-axis Product Picture
Figure 5. Others Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Laser Soldering System Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 7. Consumer Electronics
Figure 8. Automotive Electronics
Figure 9. Appliances Electronics
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. Global Laser Soldering System Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 12. Global Laser Soldering System Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027)
Figure 13. Global Laser Soldering System Production Capacity (K Units) & (2016-2027)
Figure 14. Global Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) & (2016-2027)
Figure 15. North America Laser Soldering System Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 16. Europe Laser Soldering System Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 17. China Laser Soldering System Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 18. Japan Laser Soldering System Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 19. Laser Soldering System Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 20. Global Laser Soldering System Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 21. Laser Soldering System Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
Figure 22. Global Market Laser Soldering System Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 23. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Laser Soldering System Revenue in 2020
Figure 24. Global Laser Soldering System Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 25. North America Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 26. Europe Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 27. China Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 28. Japan Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 29. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 30. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 31. North America Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 32. North America Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 33. Canada Laser Soldering System Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 34. U.S. Laser Soldering System Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 35. Europe Laser Soldering System Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Europe Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 37. Germany America Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 38. France Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 39. U.K. Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Italy Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Russia Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure 44. China Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Japan Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 46. South Korea Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Taiwan Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 49. India Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Australia Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Latin America Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Latin America Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 53. Mexico Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Brazil Laser Soldering System Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Production Market Share of Laser Soldering System by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 56. Production Market Share of Laser Soldering System by Type in 2020
Figure 57. Revenue Share of Laser Soldering System by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 58. Revenue Market Share of Laser Soldering System by Type in 2020
Figure 59. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 60. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 61. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 62. Key Raw Materials Price Trend
Figure 63. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Laser Soldering System
Figure 64. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Laser Soldering System
Figure 65. Laser Soldering System Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 66. Channels of Distribution
Figure 67. Distributors Profiles
Figure 68. Global Laser Soldering System Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Figure 69. North America Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 70. Europe Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 71. China Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 72. Japan Laser Soldering System Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 73. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Laser Soldering System (2015-2027) & (K Units)
Figure 74. Global Laser Soldering System Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 75. Global Laser Soldering System Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 76. Global Laser Soldering System Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Figure 77. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 78. Data Triangulation