Table of Content

1 Dairy Free Shortening Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Dairy Free Shortening
1.2 Dairy Free Shortening Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
1.2.2 Beverages
1.2.3 Milk
1.2.4 dairy-free Kefir
1.2.5 Bakery Products
1.2.6 Bakery and Confectionary
1.3 Dairy Free Shortening Segment by Application
1.3.1 Dairy Free Shortening Sales Comparison by Application: (2021-2027)
1.3.2 Household
1.3.3 Commercial 
1.4 Global Dairy Free Shortening Market Size Estimates and Forecasts
1.4.1 Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue 2016-2027
1.4.2 Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales 2016-2027
1.4.3 Dairy Free Shortening Market Size by Region: 2016 Versus 2021 Versus 2027

2 Dairy Free Shortening Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Global Dairy Free Shortening Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.4 Manufacturers Dairy Free Shortening Manufacturing Sites, Area Served, Product Type
2.5 Dairy Free Shortening Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Dairy Free Shortening Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 The Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Dairy Free Shortening Players Market Share by Revenue
2.5.3 Global Dairy Free Shortening Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

3 Dairy Free Shortening Retrospective Market Scenario by Region
3.1 Global Dairy Free Shortening Retrospective Market Scenario in Revenue by Region: 2016-2021
3.2 Global Dairy Free Shortening Retrospective Market Scenario in Sales by Region: 2016-2021
3.3 North America Dairy Free Shortening Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.3.1 North America Dairy Free Shortening Sales by Country
3.3.2 North America Dairy Free Shortening Revenue by Country
3.3.3 U.S.
3.3.4 Canada
3.4 Europe Dairy Free Shortening Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.4.1 Europe Dairy Free Shortening Sales by Country
3.4.2 Europe Dairy Free Shortening Revenue by Country
3.4.3 Germany
3.4.4 France
3.4.5 U.K.
3.4.6 Italy
3.4.7 Russia
3.5 Asia Pacific Dairy Free Shortening Market Facts & Figures by Region
3.5.1 Asia Pacific Dairy Free Shortening Sales by Region
3.5.2 Asia Pacific Dairy Free Shortening Revenue by Region
3.5.3 China
3.5.4 Japan
3.5.5 South Korea
3.5.6 India
3.5.7 Australia
3.5.8 Taiwan
3.5.9 Indonesia
3.5.10 Thailand
3.5.11 Malaysia
3.5.12 Philippines
3.5.13 Vietnam
3.6 Latin America Dairy Free Shortening Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.6.1 Latin America Dairy Free Shortening Sales by Country
3.6.2 Latin America Dairy Free Shortening Revenue by Country
3.6.3 Mexico
3.6.4 Brazil
3.6.5 Argentina
3.7 Middle East and Africa Dairy Free Shortening Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.7.1 Middle East and Africa Dairy Free Shortening Sales by Country
3.7.2 Middle East and Africa Dairy Free Shortening Revenue by Country
3.7.3 Turkey
3.7.4 Saudi Arabia
3.7.5 U.A.E
4 Global Dairy Free Shortening Historic Market Analysis by Type
4.1 Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.2 Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.3 Global Dairy Free Shortening Price by Type (2016-2021)

5 Global Dairy Free Shortening Historic Market Analysis by Application
5.1 Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Dairy Free Shortening Price by Application (2016-2021)

6 Key Companies Profiled
6.1 Groupe Danone
6.1.1 Groupe Danone Corporation Information
6.1.2 Groupe Danone Description and Business Overview
6.1.3 Groupe Danone Dairy Free Shortening Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.1.4 Groupe Danone Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Groupe Danone Recent Developments/Updates
6.2 The Hein Celestial Group
6.2.1 The Hein Celestial Group Corporation Information
6.2.2 The Hein Celestial Group Description and Business Overview
6.2.3 The Hein Celestial Group Dairy Free Shortening Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.2.4 The Hein Celestial Group Product Portfolio
6.2.5 The Hein Celestial Group Recent Developments/Updates
6.3 The Whitewave Foods Company
6.3.1 The Whitewave Foods Company Corporation Information
6.3.2 The Whitewave Foods Company Description and Business Overview
6.3.3 The Whitewave Foods Company Dairy Free Shortening Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.3.4 The Whitewave Foods Company Product Portfolio
6.3.5 The Whitewave Foods Company Recent Developments/Updates
6.4 Good Karma Foods
6.4.1 Good Karma Foods Corporation Information
6.4.2 Good Karma Foods Description and Business Overview
6.4.3 Good Karma Foods Dairy Free Shortening Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Good Karma Foods Product Portfolio
6.4.5 Good Karma Foods Recent Developments/Updates
6.5 GraceKennedy Group
6.5.1 GraceKennedy Group Corporation Information
6.5.2 GraceKennedy Group Description and Business Overview
6.5.3 GraceKennedy Group Dairy Free Shortening Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.5.4 GraceKennedy Group Product Portfolio
6.5.5 GraceKennedy Group Recent Developments/Updates
6.6 Blue Diamond Growers, Inc.
6.6.1 Blue Diamond Growers, Inc. Corporation Information
6.6.2 Blue Diamond Growers, Inc. Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Blue Diamond Growers, Inc. Dairy Free Shortening Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.6.4 Blue Diamond Growers, Inc. Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Blue Diamond Growers, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
6.7 SunOpta, Inc.
6.6.1 SunOpta, Inc. Corporation Information
6.6.2 SunOpta, Inc. Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 SunOpta, Inc. Dairy Free Shortening Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 SunOpta, Inc. Product Portfolio
6.7.5 SunOpta, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
6.8 Oatly A.B.
6.8.1 Oatly A.B. Corporation Information
6.8.2 Oatly A.B. Description and Business Overview
6.8.3 Oatly A.B. Dairy Free Shortening Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.8.4 Oatly A.B. Product Portfolio
6.8.5 Oatly A.B. Recent Developments/Updates
6.9 Vitasoy International Holdings Limited
6.9.1 Vitasoy International Holdings Limited Corporation Information
6.9.2 Vitasoy International Holdings Limited Description and Business Overview
6.9.3 Vitasoy International Holdings Limited Dairy Free Shortening Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.9.4 Vitasoy International Holdings Limited Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Vitasoy International Holdings Limited Recent Developments/Updates

7 Dairy Free Shortening Manufacturing Cost Analysis
7.1 Dairy Free Shortening Key Raw Materials Analysis
7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
7.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Dairy Free Shortening
7.4 Dairy Free Shortening Industrial Chain Analysis

8 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
8.1 Marketing Channel
8.2 Dairy Free Shortening Distributors List
8.3 Dairy Free Shortening Customers

9 Dairy Free Shortening Market Dynamics
9.1 Dairy Free Shortening Industry Trends
9.2 Dairy Free Shortening Growth Drivers
9.3 Dairy Free Shortening Market Challenges
9.4 Dairy Free Shortening Market Restraints

10 Global Market Forecast
10.1 Dairy Free Shortening Market Estimates and Projections by Type
10.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Dairy Free Shortening by Type (2022-2027)
10.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Dairy Free Shortening by Type (2022-2027)
10.2 Dairy Free Shortening Market Estimates and Projections by Application
10.2.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Dairy Free Shortening by Application (2022-2027)
10.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Dairy Free Shortening by Application (2022-2027)
10.3 Dairy Free Shortening Market Estimates and Projections by Region
10.3.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Dairy Free Shortening by Region (2022-2027)
10.3.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Dairy Free Shortening by Region (2022-2027)

11 Research Finding and Conclusion

12 Methodology and Data Source
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Author List
12.4 Disclaimer

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L) Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
Table 2. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L) Comparison by Application (2021-2027)
Table 3. Global Dairy Free Shortening Market Size by Region (US$ Million) (2016 VS 2021 VS 2027)
Table 4. Key Manufacturers Dairy Free Shortening Covered in This Study
Table 5. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Global Market Dairy Free Shortening Average Price (USD/L) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 10. Manufacturers Dairy Free Shortening Manufacturing Sites and Area Served
Table 11. Manufacturers Dairy Free Shortening Product Type
Table 12. Global Dairy Free Shortening Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 13. Global Dairy Free Shortening by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Dairy Free Shortening as of 2020)
Table 14. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (K L)
Table 16. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. North America Dairy Free Shortening Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K L)
Table 19. North America Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 20. North America Dairy Free Shortening Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. North America Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 22. Europe Dairy Free Shortening Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K L)
Table 23. Europe Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 24. Europe Dairy Free Shortening Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Europe Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 26. Asia Pacific Dairy Free Shortening Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (K L)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 28. Asia Pacific Dairy Free Shortening Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Asia Pacific Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 30. Latin America Dairy Free Shortening Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K L)
Table 31. Latin America Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 32. Latin America Dairy Free Shortening Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Dairy Free Shortening Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K L)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 36. Middle East and Africa Dairy Free Shortening Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Middle East and Africa Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 38. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 39. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 40. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue (Million US$) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 41. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 42. Global Dairy Free Shortening Price (USD/L) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 43. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 44. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 45. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue (Million US$) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 46. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 47. Global Dairy Free Shortening Price (USD/L) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 48. Groupe Danone Corporation Information
Table 49. Groupe Danone Description and Business Overview
Table 50. Groupe Danone Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/L) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 51. Groupe Danone Dairy Free Shortening Product
Table 52. Groupe Danone Recent Developments/Updates
Table 53. The Hein Celestial Group Corporation Information
Table 54. The Hein Celestial Group Description and Business Overview
Table 55. The Hein Celestial Group Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/L) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 56. The Hein Celestial Group Dairy Free Shortening Product
Table 57. The Hein Celestial Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 58. The Whitewave Foods Company Corporation Information
Table 59. The Whitewave Foods Company Description and Business Overview
Table 60. The Whitewave Foods Company Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/L) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 61. The Whitewave Foods Company Dairy Free Shortening Product
Table 62. The Whitewave Foods Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 63. Good Karma Foods Corporation Information
Table 64. Good Karma Foods Description and Business Overview
Table 65. Good Karma Foods Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/L) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 66. Good Karma Foods Dairy Free Shortening Product
Table 67. Good Karma Foods Recent Developments/Updates
Table 68. GraceKennedy Group Corporation Information
Table 69. GraceKennedy Group Description and Business Overview
Table 70. GraceKennedy Group Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/L) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 71. GraceKennedy Group Dairy Free Shortening Product
Table 72. GraceKennedy Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 73. Blue Diamond Growers, Inc. Corporation Information
Table 74. Blue Diamond Growers, Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table 75. Blue Diamond Growers, Inc. Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/L) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 76. Blue Diamond Growers, Inc. Dairy Free Shortening Product
Table 77. Blue Diamond Growers, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 78. SunOpta, Inc. Corporation Information
Table 79. SunOpta, Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table 80. SunOpta, Inc. Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/L) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 81. SunOpta, Inc. Dairy Free Shortening Product
Table 82. SunOpta, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 83. Oatly A.B. Corporation Information
Table 84. Oatly A.B. Description and Business Overview
Table 85. Oatly A.B. Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/L) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 86. Oatly A.B. Dairy Free Shortening Product
Table 87. Oatly A.B. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 88. Vitasoy International Holdings Limited Corporation Information
Table 89. Vitasoy International Holdings Limited Description and Business Overview
Table 90. Vitasoy International Holdings Limited Dairy Free Shortening Sales (K L), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/L) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 91. Vitasoy International Holdings Limited Dairy Free Shortening Product
Table 92. Vitasoy International Holdings Limited Recent Developments/Updates
Table 93. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 94. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 95. Dairy Free Shortening Distributors List
Table 96. Dairy Free Shortening Customers List
Table 97. Dairy Free Shortening Market Trends
Table 98. Dairy Free Shortening Growth Drivers
Table 99. Dairy Free Shortening Market Restraints
Table 100. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K L)
Table 101. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 102. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 103. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 104. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (K L)
Table 105. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 106. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 107. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 108. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K L)
Table 109. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 110. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 111. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 112. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 113. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 114. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Dairy Free Shortening
Figure 2. Global Dairy Free Shortening Market Share by Type in 2020 & 2027
Figure 3. Beverages Product Picture
Figure 4. Milk Product Picture
Figure 5. dairy-free Kefir Product Picture
Figure 6. Bakery Products Product Picture
Figure 7. Bakery and Confectionary Product Picture
Figure 8. Global Dairy Free Shortening Market Share by Application in 2020 & 2027
Figure 9. Household
Figure 10. Commercial 
Figure 11. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue, (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 12. Global Dairy Free Shortening Market Size 2016-2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales 2016-2027 (K L)
Figure 14. Global Dairy Free Shortening Market Size Market Share by Region: 2016 VS 20210 VS 2027
Figure 15. Dairy Free Shortening Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 16. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 17. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Dairy Free Shortening Players: Market Share by Revenue in 2020
Figure 18. Dairy Free Shortening Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2021
Figure 19. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 20. Global Dairy Free Shortening Sales Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 21. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 22. Global Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 23. U.S. Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Canada Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Germany Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 26. France Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 27. U.K. Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Italy Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Russia Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 30. China Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Japan Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 32. South Korea Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 33. India Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Australia Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Taiwan Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Indonesia Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Thailand Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Malaysia Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Philippines Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Vietnam Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Mexico Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Brazil Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Argentina Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Turkey Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Saudi Arabia Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 46. U.A.E Dairy Free Shortening Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Sales Market Share of Dairy Free Shortening by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 48. Sales Market Share of Dairy Free Shortening by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 49. Sales Market Share of Dairy Free Shortening by Application in 2020
Figure 50. Revenue Share of Dairy Free Shortening by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 51. Revenue Share of Dairy Free Shortening by Application in 2020
Figure 52. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Dairy Free Shortening
Figure 53. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Dairy Free Shortening
Figure 54. Dairy Free Shortening Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 55. Channels of Distribution
Figure 56. Distributors Profiles
Figure 57. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 58. Data Triangulation
Figure 59. Key Executives Interviewed