Table of Content

1 Towed Array Sonar Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Towed Array Sonar
1.2 Towed Array Sonar Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Towed Array Sonar Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2021 VS 2027
1.2.2 Active Towed Array Sonar
1.2.3 Passive Towed Array Sonar
1.3 Towed Array Sonar Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.3.2 Submarines
1.3.3 Torpedoes
1.3.4 Surface Vessels
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Towed Array Sonar Production Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5 Global Towed Array Sonar Market by Region
1.5.1 Global Towed Array Sonar Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.5.2 North America Towed Array Sonar Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.3 Europe Towed Array Sonar Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 China Towed Array Sonar Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 Japan Towed Array Sonar Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)

2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Towed Array Sonar Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Towed Array Sonar Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Towed Array Sonar Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.5 Manufacturers Towed Array Sonar Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Towed Array Sonar Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Towed Array Sonar Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Towed Array Sonar Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Production and Capacity by Region
3.1 Global Production of Towed Array Sonar Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.2 Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.3 Global Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.4 North America Towed Array Sonar Production
3.4.1 North America Towed Array Sonar Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.4.2 North America Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.5 Europe Towed Array Sonar Production
3.5.1 Europe Towed Array Sonar Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.5.2 Europe Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.6 China Towed Array Sonar Production
3.6.1 China Towed Array Sonar Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.6.2 China Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.7 Japan Towed Array Sonar Production
3.7.1 Japan Towed Array Sonar Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.7.2 Japan Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)

4 Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Country
4.2.2 U.S.
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil

5 Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Towed Array Sonar Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Towed Array Sonar Price by Type (2016-2021)

6 Consumption Analysis by Application
6.1 Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
6.2 Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)

7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 GeoSpectrum Technologies
7.1.1 GeoSpectrum Technologies Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
7.1.2 GeoSpectrum Technologies Towed Array Sonar Product Portfolio
7.1.3 GeoSpectrum Technologies Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.1.4 GeoSpectrum Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 GeoSpectrum Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Leonardo
7.2.1 Leonardo Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
7.2.2 Leonardo Towed Array Sonar Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Leonardo Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.2.4 Leonardo Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Leonardo Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Teledyne Marine
7.3.1 Teledyne Marine Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
7.3.2 Teledyne Marine Towed Array Sonar Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Teledyne Marine Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.3.4 Teledyne Marine Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Teledyne Marine Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Lockheed Martin
7.4.1 Lockheed Martin Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
7.4.2 Lockheed Martin Towed Array Sonar Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Lockheed Martin Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.4.4 Lockheed Martin Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Lockheed Martin Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 L3Harris
7.5.1 L3Harris Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
7.5.2 L3Harris Towed Array Sonar Product Portfolio
7.5.3 L3Harris Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.5.4 L3Harris Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 L3Harris Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Atlas Elektronik
7.6.1 Atlas Elektronik Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
7.6.2 Atlas Elektronik Towed Array Sonar Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Atlas Elektronik Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.6.4 Atlas Elektronik Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Atlas Elektronik Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Dalian Taosonics Instrument
7.7.1 Dalian Taosonics Instrument Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
7.7.2 Dalian Taosonics Instrument Towed Array Sonar Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Dalian Taosonics Instrument Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.7.4 Dalian Taosonics Instrument Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Dalian Taosonics Instrument Recent Developments/Updates

8 Towed Array Sonar Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Towed Array Sonar Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Towed Array Sonar
8.4 Towed Array Sonar Industrial Chain Analysis

9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Towed Array Sonar Distributors List
9.3 Towed Array Sonar Customers

10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Towed Array Sonar Industry Trends
10.2 Towed Array Sonar Growth Drivers
10.3 Towed Array Sonar Market Challenges
10.4 Towed Array Sonar Market Restraints

11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Towed Array Sonar by Region (2022-2027)
11.2 North America Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.3 Europe Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.4 China Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.5 Japan Towed Array Sonar Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)

12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Towed Array Sonar
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Towed Array Sonar by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Towed Array Sonar by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Towed Array Sonar by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Towed Array Sonar by Country
13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2022-2027)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Towed Array Sonar by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Towed Array Sonar by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Towed Array Sonar by Type (2022-2027)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Towed Array Sonar by Application (2022-2027)
14 Research Finding and Conclusion

15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Towed Array Sonar Market Size by Type (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027)
Table 2. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 3. Towed Array Sonar Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 4. Global Towed Array Sonar Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers
Table 5. Global Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Towed Array Sonar Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Towed Array Sonar as of 2020)
Table 10. Global Market Towed Array Sonar Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 11. Manufacturers Towed Array Sonar Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Towed Array Sonar Product Types
Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 14. Global Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 15. Global Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 16. Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 18. Global Towed Array Sonar Production Capacity (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 19. North America Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 20. Europe Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 21. China Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 22. Japan Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 23. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 24. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 25. North America Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 26. Europe Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 28. Latin America Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 30. Global Towed Array Sonar Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 31. Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 32. Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 33. Global Towed Array Sonar Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 34. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 35. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 36. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Table 37. GeoSpectrum Technologies Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
Table 38. GeoSpectrum Technologies Specification and Application
Table 39. GeoSpectrum Technologies Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 40. GeoSpectrum Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 41. GeoSpectrum Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 42. Leonardo Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
Table 43. Leonardo Specification and Application
Table 44. Leonardo Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 45. Leonardo Main Business and Markets Served
Table 46. Leonardo Recent Developments/Updates
Table 47. Teledyne Marine Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
Table 48. Teledyne Marine Specification and Application
Table 49. Teledyne Marine Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 50. Teledyne Marine Main Business and Markets Served
Table 51. Teledyne Marine Recent Developments/Updates
Table 52. Lockheed Martin Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
Table 53. Lockheed Martin Specification and Application
Table 54. Lockheed Martin Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 55. Lockheed Martin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 56. Lockheed Martin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 57. L3Harris Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
Table 58. L3Harris Specification and Application
Table 59. L3Harris Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 60. L3Harris Main Business and Markets Served
Table 61. L3Harris Recent Developments/Updates
Table 62. Atlas Elektronik Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
Table 63. Atlas Elektronik Specification and Application
Table 64. Atlas Elektronik Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 65. Atlas Elektronik Main Business and Markets Served
Table 66. Atlas Elektronik Recent Developments/Updates
Table 67. Dalian Taosonics Instrument Towed Array Sonar Corporation Information
Table 68. Dalian Taosonics Instrument Specification and Application
Table 69. Dalian Taosonics Instrument Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 70. Dalian Taosonics Instrument Main Business and Markets Served
Table 71. Dalian Taosonics Instrument Recent Developments/Updates
Table 72. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 73. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 74. Towed Array Sonar Distributors List
Table 75. Towed Array Sonar Customers List
Table 76. Towed Array Sonar Market Trends
Table 77. Towed Array Sonar Growth Drivers
Table 78. Towed Array Sonar Market Challenges
Table 79. Towed Array Sonar Market Restraints
Table 80. Global Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 81. North America Towed Array Sonar Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 82. Europe Towed Array Sonar Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 83. Asia Pacific Towed Array Sonar Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 84. Latin America Towed Array Sonar Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 85. Global Towed Array Sonar Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 86. Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 87. Global Towed Array Sonar Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (USD/Unit)
Table 88. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 89. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 90. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 91. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Towed Array Sonar
Figure 2. Global Towed Array Sonar Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 3. Active Towed Array Sonar Product Picture
Figure 4. Passive Towed Array Sonar Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Towed Array Sonar Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 6. Submarines
Figure 7. Torpedoes
Figure 8. Surface Vessels
Figure 9. Others
Figure 10. Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 11. Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027)
Figure 12. Global Towed Array Sonar Production Capacity (K Units) & (2016-2027)
Figure 13. Global Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) & (2016-2027)
Figure 14. North America Towed Array Sonar Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 15. Europe Towed Array Sonar Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 16. China Towed Array Sonar Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 17. Japan Towed Array Sonar Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 18. Towed Array Sonar Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 19. Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 20. Towed Array Sonar Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
Figure 21. Global Market Towed Array Sonar Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Towed Array Sonar Revenue in 2020
Figure 23. Global Towed Array Sonar Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 24. North America Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 25. Europe Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 26. China Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 27. Japan Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 28. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 29. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 30. North America Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 31. North America Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 32. Canada Towed Array Sonar Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 33. U.S. Towed Array Sonar Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 34. Europe Towed Array Sonar Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 35. Europe Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 36. Germany America Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 37. France Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 38. U.K. Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Italy Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Russia Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure 43. China Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Japan Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 45. South Korea Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Taiwan Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Southeast Asia Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 48. India Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Australia Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Latin America Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Latin America Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 52. Mexico Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Brazil Towed Array Sonar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Production Market Share of Towed Array Sonar by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 55. Production Market Share of Towed Array Sonar by Type in 2020
Figure 56. Revenue Share of Towed Array Sonar by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 57. Revenue Market Share of Towed Array Sonar by Type in 2020
Figure 58. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 59. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 60. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 61. Key Raw Materials Price Trend
Figure 62. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Towed Array Sonar
Figure 63. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Towed Array Sonar
Figure 64. Towed Array Sonar Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution
Figure 66. Distributors Profiles
Figure 67. Global Towed Array Sonar Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Figure 68. North America Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 69. Europe Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 70. China Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 71. Japan Towed Array Sonar Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 72. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Towed Array Sonar (2015-2027) & (K Units)
Figure 73. Global Towed Array Sonar Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 74. Global Towed Array Sonar Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 75. Global Towed Array Sonar Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Figure 76. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 77. Data Triangulation