Table of Content

1 Smart Connected HVAC Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Smart Connected HVAC
1.2 Smart Connected HVAC Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Smart Connected HVAC Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2021 VS 2027
1.2.2 Single Split Systems
1.2.3 Multi Split Systems
1.2.4 VRF Systems
1.3 Smart Connected HVAC Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.3.2 Commercial
1.3.3 Residential
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5 Global Smart Connected HVAC Market by Region
1.5.1 Global Smart Connected HVAC Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.5.2 North America Smart Connected HVAC Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.3 Europe Smart Connected HVAC Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 China Smart Connected HVAC Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 Japan Smart Connected HVAC Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)

2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Smart Connected HVAC Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Smart Connected HVAC Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.5 Manufacturers Smart Connected HVAC Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Smart Connected HVAC Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Smart Connected HVAC Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Smart Connected HVAC Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Production and Capacity by Region
3.1 Global Production of Smart Connected HVAC Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.2 Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.3 Global Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.4 North America Smart Connected HVAC Production
3.4.1 North America Smart Connected HVAC Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.4.2 North America Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.5 Europe Smart Connected HVAC Production
3.5.1 Europe Smart Connected HVAC Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.5.2 Europe Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.6 China Smart Connected HVAC Production
3.6.1 China Smart Connected HVAC Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.6.2 China Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.7 Japan Smart Connected HVAC Production
3.7.1 Japan Smart Connected HVAC Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.7.2 Japan Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)

4 Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Country
4.2.2 U.S.
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil

5 Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Smart Connected HVAC Price by Type (2016-2021)

6 Consumption Analysis by Application
6.1 Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
6.2 Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)

7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Johnson Controls
7.1.1 Johnson Controls Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
7.1.2 Johnson Controls Smart Connected HVAC Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Johnson Controls Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Johnson Controls Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Johnson Controls Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Carrier
7.2.1 Carrier Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
7.2.2 Carrier Smart Connected HVAC Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Carrier Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.2.4 Carrier Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Carrier Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Daikin
7.3.1 Daikin Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
7.3.2 Daikin Smart Connected HVAC Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Daikin Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.3.4 Daikin Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Daikin Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Lennox
7.4.1 Lennox Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
7.4.2 Lennox Smart Connected HVAC Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Lennox Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.4.4 Lennox Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Lennox Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 LG HVAC
7.5.1 LG HVAC Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
7.5.2 LG HVAC Smart Connected HVAC Product Portfolio
7.5.3 LG HVAC Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.5.4 LG HVAC Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 LG HVAC Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Mitsubishi Electric
7.6.1 Mitsubishi Electric Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
7.6.2 Mitsubishi Electric Smart Connected HVAC Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Mitsubishi Electric Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.6.4 Mitsubishi Electric Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Mitsubishi Electric Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Fujitsu General
7.7.1 Fujitsu General Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
7.7.2 Fujitsu General Smart Connected HVAC Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Fujitsu General Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.7.4 Fujitsu General Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Fujitsu General Recent Developments/Updates

8 Smart Connected HVAC Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Smart Connected HVAC Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Smart Connected HVAC
8.4 Smart Connected HVAC Industrial Chain Analysis

9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Smart Connected HVAC Distributors List
9.3 Smart Connected HVAC Customers

10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Smart Connected HVAC Industry Trends
10.2 Smart Connected HVAC Growth Drivers
10.3 Smart Connected HVAC Market Challenges
10.4 Smart Connected HVAC Market Restraints

11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Smart Connected HVAC by Region (2022-2027)
11.2 North America Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.3 Europe Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.4 China Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.5 Japan Smart Connected HVAC Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)

12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Smart Connected HVAC
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Smart Connected HVAC by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Smart Connected HVAC by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Smart Connected HVAC by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Smart Connected HVAC by Country
13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2022-2027)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Smart Connected HVAC by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Smart Connected HVAC by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Smart Connected HVAC by Type (2022-2027)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Smart Connected HVAC by Application (2022-2027)
14 Research Finding and Conclusion

15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Smart Connected HVAC Market Size by Type (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027)
Table 2. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 3. Smart Connected HVAC Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 4. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers
Table 5. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Smart Connected HVAC as of 2020)
Table 10. Global Market Smart Connected HVAC Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 11. Manufacturers Smart Connected HVAC Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Smart Connected HVAC Product Types
Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 14. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 15. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 16. Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 18. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Capacity (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 19. North America Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 20. Europe Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 21. China Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 22. Japan Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 23. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 24. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 25. North America Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 26. Europe Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 28. Latin America Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 30. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 31. Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 32. Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 33. Global Smart Connected HVAC Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 34. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 35. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 36. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Table 37. Johnson Controls Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
Table 38. Johnson Controls Specification and Application
Table 39. Johnson Controls Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 40. Johnson Controls Main Business and Markets Served
Table 41. Johnson Controls Recent Developments/Updates
Table 42. Carrier Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
Table 43. Carrier Specification and Application
Table 44. Carrier Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 45. Carrier Main Business and Markets Served
Table 46. Carrier Recent Developments/Updates
Table 47. Daikin Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
Table 48. Daikin Specification and Application
Table 49. Daikin Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 50. Daikin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 51. Daikin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 52. Lennox Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
Table 53. Lennox Specification and Application
Table 54. Lennox Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 55. Lennox Main Business and Markets Served
Table 56. Lennox Recent Developments/Updates
Table 57. LG HVAC Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
Table 58. LG HVAC Specification and Application
Table 59. LG HVAC Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 60. LG HVAC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 61. LG HVAC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 62. Mitsubishi Electric Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
Table 63. Mitsubishi Electric Specification and Application
Table 64. Mitsubishi Electric Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 65. Mitsubishi Electric Main Business and Markets Served
Table 66. Mitsubishi Electric Recent Developments/Updates
Table 67. Fujitsu General Smart Connected HVAC Corporation Information
Table 68. Fujitsu General Specification and Application
Table 69. Fujitsu General Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 70. Fujitsu General Main Business and Markets Served
Table 71. Fujitsu General Recent Developments/Updates
Table 72. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 73. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 74. Smart Connected HVAC Distributors List
Table 75. Smart Connected HVAC Customers List
Table 76. Smart Connected HVAC Market Trends
Table 77. Smart Connected HVAC Growth Drivers
Table 78. Smart Connected HVAC Market Challenges
Table 79. Smart Connected HVAC Market Restraints
Table 80. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 81. North America Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 82. Europe Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 83. Asia Pacific Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 84. Latin America Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 85. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 86. Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 87. Global Smart Connected HVAC Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (USD/Unit)
Table 88. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 89. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 90. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 91. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Smart Connected HVAC
Figure 2. Global Smart Connected HVAC Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 3. Single Split Systems Product Picture
Figure 4. Multi Split Systems Product Picture
Figure 5. VRF Systems Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Smart Connected HVAC Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 7. Commercial
Figure 8. Residential
Figure 9. Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 10. Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027)
Figure 11. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Capacity (K Units) & (2016-2027)
Figure 12. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) & (2016-2027)
Figure 13. North America Smart Connected HVAC Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 14. Europe Smart Connected HVAC Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 15. China Smart Connected HVAC Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 16. Japan Smart Connected HVAC Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 17. Smart Connected HVAC Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 18. Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 19. Smart Connected HVAC Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
Figure 20. Global Market Smart Connected HVAC Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Smart Connected HVAC Revenue in 2020
Figure 22. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 23. North America Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 24. Europe Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 25. China Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 26. Japan Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 27. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 28. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 29. North America Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 30. North America Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 31. Canada Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 32. U.S. Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 33. Europe Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 34. Europe Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 35. Germany America Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 36. France Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 37. U.K. Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Italy Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Russia Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Asia Pacific Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure 42. China Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Japan Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 44. South Korea Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Taiwan Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Southeast Asia Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 47. India Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Australia Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Latin America Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Latin America Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 51. Mexico Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Brazil Smart Connected HVAC Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Production Market Share of Smart Connected HVAC by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 54. Production Market Share of Smart Connected HVAC by Type in 2020
Figure 55. Revenue Share of Smart Connected HVAC by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 56. Revenue Market Share of Smart Connected HVAC by Type in 2020
Figure 57. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 58. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 59. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 60. Key Raw Materials Price Trend
Figure 61. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Smart Connected HVAC
Figure 62. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Smart Connected HVAC
Figure 63. Smart Connected HVAC Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution
Figure 65. Distributors Profiles
Figure 66. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Figure 67. North America Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 68. Europe Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 69. China Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 70. Japan Smart Connected HVAC Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 71. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Smart Connected HVAC (2015-2027) & (K Units)
Figure 72. Global Smart Connected HVAC Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 73. Global Smart Connected HVAC Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 74. Global Smart Connected HVAC Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Figure 75. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 76. Data Triangulation